Tongue Hygiene and Its Significance in the Control of Halitosis

Halitosis or oral malodor refers to the foul smell emanating from the oral cavity. This unpleasant condition frequently poses a problem in social communication and is also a common psychological concern. In the majority of cases, the origin of halitosis is related to an oral cause. Tongue coating is one of the important etiological factors of halitosis. Tongue is a potential reservoir of microorganisms which are responsible for the production of malodorous volatile sulfur compounds. A strong correlation has been established between tongue coating and halitosis. Tongue cleaning, on a regular basis, controls halitosis by removal of tongue coating and/or by reducing putrefaction by bacteria. Different approaches, mechanical as well as chemical, have been employed in the prevention and treatment of halitosis derived from the tongue coating. This article highlights the potential need for concentrating on tongue hygiene as a partof daily routine.&nbsp

SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE R-ISOMER OF ETODOLAC IN A BULK DRUG SUBSTANCE BY NORMAL-PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT Objective:  The objective of the this work is to develop and validate a novel, simple,rapid and reliable analytical method for separation and determination of R-isomer impurity in Etodolac bulk drug material by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Methods: The Etodolac R- isomer and S-isomer were separated on a Chiralcel OD-H (150 x 4.0 mm, 5 micron) column by using Ethanol : n-Hexane:Trifluoroacetic acid (50:50:0.1 v/v.) mobile phase with equipped detector at wavelength 225 nm and 25 °C column oven temperature. The resolution between R-isomer and S-isomer were more than two recorded on chromatogram. The specified method was developed and validated for various parameters like reproducibility, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity and range, robustness, solution stability and mobile phase stability according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.  Results: Linearity were found for Etodolac R-isomer over the concentration range of 600–6000 ng/ml, with the linear regression (Correlation coefficient R = 0.998) and proved to be robust. Limit of detection and limit of quantification of Etodolac R-isomer was found to be 200 and 600 ng/ml. The retention time of R-isomer was considered to be 2.8 min. The percentage recovery of Etodolac R-isomer has been ranged from 97.0 to 102.0 in bulk drug material sample. The proposed analytical method has been found to be suitable, precise,reliable and accurate for the separation and quantitative determination of Etodolac R-isomer in bulk drug sample.                                                                                                                   Conclusion: A novel, speedy, accurate, precise, reliable and rugged analytical method has been developed and validated for normal phase high performance liquid chromatography to determine R-isomer impurity in Etodolac bulk drugs material as per ICH guideline. Keywords: Etodolac, HPLC, Known Impurity. Normal Phase, Validation

SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE R-ISOMER OF KETOPROFEN IN A BULK DRUG SUBSTANCE BY NORMAL PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: The objective is defined to develop and validate simple, rapid, precise, and accurate for separation and determination of R-isomer impurity of ketoprofen bulk drug material by the normal phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method as per the International Conference of Harmonization Guideline (ICH) guidelines.Methods: The R-isomer and S-isomer were baseline resolved on a Chiralcel OJ-H, 150 mm × 4.6 mm, and 5 µm stationary phase column. Mobile phase system containing n-hexane:isopropyl alcohol:glacial acetic acid (50:50:0.1 v/v.). The detector wavelength has been selected 254 nm and column oven temperature 25°C. The chromatographic resolutions between R-isomer and S-isomer were more than two. The developed method was extensively validated according to ICH guidelines.Results: Ketoprofen linearity was found for R-isomer over the concentration range of 600-6000 ng/ml, with the linear regression (Correlation coefficient R=0.999) and proved to be robust. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of ketoprofen R-isomer were found to be 200 and600 ng/ml. The percentage recovery of R-isomer has been ranged from 97.5 to 102.0 in bulk drug material samples of ketoprofen. The proposed method was found to be suitable and accurate for the quantitative determination of R-isomer of ketoprofen in bulk drug sample.Conclusion: A simple, rapid, precise, and accurate normal phase liquid chromatography method has been developed and validated to determineR-isomer impurity of ketoprofen in bulk drugs material as per ICH.Keywords: Ketoprofen, High-performance liquid chromatography, Known impurity, Normal phase, Chiralcel OJ-H, Validation

RAPID SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF RIZATRIPTAN N-OXIDE IMPURITY IN RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE IN A BULK DRUG SUBSTANCE BY REVERSE PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: The objective is described to develop and validate a simple, reliable, precise, and specific analytical method for rapid separation and determination of N-oxide impurity in rizatriptan Benzoate active pharmaceutical ingredient bulk drug substances by reverse phase liquid chromatography as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.Methods: The methodology utilized as reverse phase liquid chromatography with gradient composition. The mobile phase proportion was compromised mobile A containing 0.25 mm potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 2.0 and methanol (95:5 v/v) and mobile B containing Acetonitrile. ODS 3V, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm. column. The flow rate is 1.0 ml/minute using an LC system detector at wavelength 280 nm, and the column oven temperature is 40°C. The chromatographic separation performed in reverse phase by the gradient composer over run time was 35 minute. The resolution between N-oxide and rizatriptan was recorded on the chromatogram was more than six. The developed analytical method was validated according to the ICH guidelines.Results: Linearity was found in rizatriptan N-oxide over the concentration range of 450-11000 ng/ml, with the linear regression (Correlation coefficient R = 0.999) and proved to be robust. Limit of detection and limit of quantification of the rizatriptan N-oxide was found 150 and 450 ng/ml. The retention time of rizatriptan and rizatriptan N-oxide was recorded 22.6 and 24.7 minutes, respectively. The percentage recovery of N-oxide has been ranged from 96.0 to 102.0 in the bulk drug material sample. The proposed analytical method has been found suitable, precise, reliable, and accurate for the separation and quantitative determination.Conclusion: A specific, simple, accurate, reliable, and rapid reproducible analytical method has been developed and validated for reverse phase high- performance liquid chromatography to determine N-Oxide impurity in rizatriptan benzoate from bulk drugs material as per ICH guideline.Keywords: Rizatriptan benzoate, N-oxide impurity, High performance liquid chromatography, Reverse phase, ODS column and validation.Â

Cooperative effects on Optical Forces- Dicke's Bullet

We investigate the cooperative effects on optical forces in a system of N two level atoms occupying a volume of dimensions to within $\lambda ^3$, where lambda is radiation wavelength and is driven by a coherent radiation field with a spatial profile like Laguerre-Gaussian beam or ideal Bessel beam.We show a dramatic enhancement on optical forces as well as the angular momentum imparted to the atom by a factor of $N ^2$.Comment: 10 pages + 1 figure (submitted to PRL

Adverse drug reactions and treatment outcome analysis in multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients at a DOTS plus site

Background: Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) requires treatment with expensive, toxic, anti-tubercular drugs over a longer duration. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) to second line anti tubercular drugs affect compliance and hence treatment outcome. The primary objective of this study was to analyse ADRs and if these resulted in change or permanent suspension of drug. We also analysed treatment outcome, treatment adherence and co morbidities associated with MDR patients.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out at DOTS plus site in department of Pulmonary Medicine, Goa Medical College on registered MDR cases from November 2011 to October 2016. Socio demographic profile, diagnosis, treatment and ADRs were evaluated, ADRs were evaluated for frequency, causative drugs, management aspect and impact on treatment outcome.Results: Out of 201 MDR cases, 99 cases had 167 ADRs. Majority of patients having ADRs were in age group of 30-50 years with mean±standard deviation 36.82±14.47, 59 (59.59%) males and 40 (40.40%) females, 92 (92.92%) retreatment cases and 7 (7.07%) newly diagnosed. Majority of ADRs were vomiting 31(18.56%), joint pain 31 (18.56%), gastritis 21 (12.57%), hearing impairment 16 (9.58%), numbness in leg 14 (8.38%), depression 12 (7.18%). Treatment outcome of cases with ADR was cured 45 (45.45%), treatment completed16 (16.16%), progressed to XDR 6 (6.06%), transferred out 5 (5.05%), defaulter 14 (14.14%), death 13 (13.13%).Conclusions: It is very important to recognise at the earliest and treat the ADRs with least modification of the treatment regimen to have a good treatment outcome

UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR TELMISARTAN IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Objective: To develop UV spectrophotometric method for determination of Telmisartan in bulk and tablet dosage form in 0.1 N NaOH by two methods. Methods: Method A involve Absorption maxima method based on the measurement of absorbance at 295 nm that is the λmax of Telmisartan, while Method B involved Area under the curve based on the measurement of AUC in the range of 275-310 nm. Results: Both methods obey Beer- Lamberts law in concentration range of 2-12 µg/ml. Methods were validated as per ICH guidelines in terms of accuracy, linearity and precision. Conclusion: The proposed methods found to be simple, accurate, precise, reproducible, economic and suitable for routine quality control analysis

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Caused by Naegleria fowleri, Karachi, Pakistan

We report 13 cases of Naegleria fowleri primary amebic meningoencephalitis in persons in Karachi, Pakistan, who had no history of aquatic activities. Infection likely occurred through ablution with tap water. An increase in primary amebic meningoencephalitis cases may be attributed to rising temperatures, reduced levels of chlorine in potable water, or deteriorating water distribution systems

Adsorption of mercuric chloride by colloids-Part I

The adsorption of the HgCl2 of different concentrations by colloids such as dry gels of ferric hydroxide, silica gel, aluminium hydroxide and acticarbon was investigated in order to study the nature of the adsorption of HgCl2. It is found that at dilute concentrations of HgCl2 the adsorption tends to be apolar, while at higher concentrations the adsorption is polar. The addition of a strong electrolyte such as sodium chloride retards the adsorption of HgCl2 due to the formation of complex anions of mercury