Supranuclear eye movements and nystagmus in children: A review of the literature and guide to clinical examination, interpretation of findings and age-appropriate norms.

Abnormal eye movements in children present a significant challenge to Ophthalmologists and other healthcare professionals. Similarly, examination of supra-nuclear eye movements in children and interpretation of any resulting clinical signs can seem very complex. A structured assessment is often lacking although in many cases, simple clinical observations, combined with a basic understanding of the underlying neurology, can hold the key to clinical diagnosis. As the range of underlying diagnoses for children with abnormal eye movements is broad, recognising clinical patterns and understanding their neurological basis is also imperative for ongoing management. Here we present a review and best practice guide for a structured, methodical clinical examination of supranuclear eye movements in children, a guide to clinical interpretation and age-appropriate norms. We also detail the more common specific clinical findings and how they should be interpreted and used to guide further management. In summary, this review will encourage clinicians to combine a structured assessment and a logical interpretation of the resulting clinical signs, in order to recognise patterns of presentation and avoid unnecessary investigations and protracted delays in diagnosis and clinical care

THE FTMW SPECTRUM OF N-ACETYL GLYCINE

Author Institution: Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyN-acetyl'glycine is of interest from a biological viewpoint since it contains the HNCO peptide linkage, as well as astronomical interest since it is found in meteorites. N-acetyl glycine is a crystalline solid at room temperature and, thus, required heating to be detected in a FTMW spectrometer. The solid sample was placed in a reservoir end cap of a pulsed valve nozzle which was pressurized with first run Ne and heated to $190 ^{\circ}$C. Spectral scans were carried out over the range of 10 GHz to 21 GHz with the mini-FTMW spectrometer. The observed spectrum was dominated by transitions from the decomposition products acetamide and acetic acid. A weak set of spectral lines exhibiting hyperfine structure from $^{14}N$ were also observed and assigned to N-acetyl glycine. Spectral assignments were aided by Gaussian 98 ab initio calculations at the $MP2/6-311++G^{\ast \ast}$ level. 33 lines have been assigned to the A-state of the lowest energy form of N-acetyl glycine. The hyperfine structure for several transitions was well resolved and allowed analysis of the $^{14}N$ quadrupole hyperfine structure. Details of the measurements and analysis will be presented

VAN DER WAALS COMPLEXES OF 3-HYDROXYTETRAHYDROFURAN: 3-HYDROXYTETRAHYDROFURAN-H2OH_{2}O AND 3-HYDROXYTETRAHYDROFURAN-Ar

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Kent State UniversityMicrowave spectra have been measured for the most abundant isotopic species of two van der Waals complexes of 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran: 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-$H_{2} O$ and 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-Ar. For the $H_{2} O$ complex the fitted rotational constants suggest that the water molecule forms a double hydrogen bond with the furan by donating a hydrogen bond to the ring oxygen and accepting a hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group. Preliminary Stark effect experiments have been performed, yielding $\mu_{a} = 1.2 (3)$, $\mu_{b} = 1.82 (1)$, and $\mu_{c}=0.7 (4) D$. The rotational constants of the argon complex are fit best by a model that has the Ar atom situated on the same side of the ring as the hydroxyl group

CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES UPON COMPLEXATION: THE MICROWAVE SPECTRA AND STRUCTURES OF 2-AMINOETHANOL VAN DER WAALS COMPLEXES

$^{a}$R. E. Penn, R. F. Curl, Jr. J. Chem. Phys. 55, 651 (1971)Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Kent State UniversityRotational spectra of the van der Waals complexes of 2-aminoethanol-water and 2-aminoethanol-argon have been recorded using a Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. Eleven a- and b-type transitions were fit to the Watson A-reduction Hamiltonian for 2-aminoethanol-water yielding A = 4886.29 (7) MHz, B = 3355.93 (8) MHz, and C = 2311.66 (4) MHz, and twelve a-, b-, and c-type transitions for 2-aminoethanol-argon were fit to $A = 4986.16$ (12) MHz, $B = 1330.190$ (7) MHz, and $C = 1143.831$ (6) MHz. The spectra are identified with ab initio structures of the two complexes. The 2-aminoethanol monomer has an intramolecular hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group to the $amine;^{a}$ the O - C - C - N torsional angle is $58^{\circ}$ and the O - N distance is $2.83 {\AA}$. The argon complex is based on the 2-aminoethanol monomer conformation, and the argon sits $3.91 {\AA}$ from the nitrogen and $3.49 {\AA}$ from the oxygen. The 2-aminoethanol-water complex is stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the hydroxyl to the water oxygen and from water to the amino nitrogen. Formation of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds requires the O - C - C - N torsional angle to increase to $71^{\circ}$, and the O - N distance increases to $3.04 {\AA}$. Rotational spectra of the ${^{13}}C$ isotopomers of the 2-aminoethanol monomer have been recorded and enable a substitution structure of the heavy atoms to be determined