449 research outputs found
Research Notes : United States : Genes for resistance to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea in PI 273483D, PI 64747, PI 274212, PI 82312N, and PI 340046
Several years ago, we identified seven plant introductions resistant to the 16 races of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea Kuan and Erwin (Pmg) known at that time. Each of these was crossed to the eight cultivars in Table 1 to determine how resistance was controlled. They were not crossed to cultivars that contained Rps2 or Rps5 because Rps2 was found using root inoculation in a liquid culture solution, and Rps5 was described after this study was started
On Functional Activations in Deep Neural Networks
Background: Deep neural networks have proven to be powerful computational
tools for modeling, prediction, and generation. However, the workings of these
models have generally been opaque. Recent work has shown that the performance
of some models are modulated by overlapping functional networks of connections
within the models. Here the techniques of functional neuroimaging are applied
to an exemplary large language model to probe its functional structure.
Methods: A series of block-designed task-based prompt sequences were generated
to probe the Facebook Galactica-125M model. Tasks included prompts relating to
political science, medical imaging, paleontology, archeology, pathology, and
random strings presented in an off/on/off pattern with prompts about other
random topics. For the generation of each output token, all layer output values
were saved to create an effective time series. General linear models were fit
to the data to identify layer output values which were active with the tasks.
Results: Distinct, overlapping networks were identified with each task. Most
overlap was observed between medical imaging and pathology networks. These
networks were repeatable across repeated performance of related tasks, and
correspondence of identified functional networks and activation in tasks not
used to define the functional networks was shown to accurately identify the
presented task. Conclusion: The techniques of functional neuroimaging can be
applied to deep neural networks as a means to probe their workings. Identified
functional networks hold the potential for use in model alignment, modulation
of model output, and identifying weights to target in fine-tuning
In utero exposure to Î9âtetrahydrocannabinol leads to postnatal catchâup growth and dysmetabolism in the adult rat liver
The rates of gestational cannabis use have increased despite limited evidence for its safety in fetal life. Recent animal studies demonstrate that prenatal exposure to Î9âtetrahydrocannabinol (Î9âTHC, the psychoactive component of cannabis) promotes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), culminating in postnatal metabolic deficits. Given IUGR is associated with impaired hepatic function, we hypothesized that Î9âTHC offspring would exhibit hepatic dyslipidemia. Pregnant Wistar rat dams received daily injections of vehicular control or 3 mg/kg Î9âTHC i.p. from embry-onic day (E) 6.5 through E22. Exposure to Î9âTHC decreased the liver to body weight ratio at birth, followed by catchâup growth by three weeks of age. At six months, Î9âTHCâexposed male offspring exhibited increased visceral adiposity and higher hepatic triglycerides. This was instigated by augmented expression of enzymes involved in triglyceride synthesis (ACCα, SCD, FABP1, and DGAT2) at three weeks. Furthermore, the expression of hepatic DGAT1/DGAT2 was sustained at six months, concomitant with mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e., elevated p66shc) and oxidative stress. Interest-ingly, decreases in miRâ203aâ3p and miRâ29a/b/c, both implicated in dyslipidemia, were also observed in these Î9âTHCâexposed offspring. Collectively, these findings indicate that prenatal Î9â THC exposure results in longâterm dyslipidemia associated with enhanced hepatic lipogenesis. This is attributed by mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic mechanisms
Inherent-Structure Dynamics and Diffusion in Liquids
The self-diffusion constant D is expressed in terms of transitions among the
local minima of the potential (inherent structure, IS) and their correlations.
The formulae are evaluated and tested against simulation in the supercooled,
unit-density Lennard-Jones liquid. The approximation of uncorrelated
IS-transition (IST) vectors, D_{0}, greatly exceeds D in the upper temperature
range, but merges with simulation at reduced T ~ 0.50. Since uncorrelated IST
are associated with a hopping mechanism, the condition D ~ D_{0} provides a new
way to identify the crossover to hopping. The results suggest that theories of
diffusion in deeply supercooled liquids may be based on weakly correlated IST.Comment: submitted to PR
The Potential Energy Landscape and Mechanisms of Diffusion in Liquids
The mechanism of diffusion in supercooled liquids is investigated from the
potential energy landscape point of view, with emphasis on the crossover from
high- to low-T dynamics. Molecular dynamics simulations with a time dependent
mapping to the associated local mininum or inherent structure (IS) are
performed on unit-density Lennard-Jones (LJ). New dynamical quantities
introduced include r2_{is}(t), the mean-square displacement (MSD) within a
basin of attraction of an IS, R2(t), the MSD of the IS itself, and g_{loc}(t)
the mean waiting time in a cooperative region. At intermediate T, r2_{is}(t)
posesses an interval of linear t-dependence allowing calculation of an
intrabasin diffusion constant D_{is}. Near T_{c} diffusion is intrabasin
dominated with D = D_{is}. Below T_{c} the local waiting time tau_{loc} exceeds
the time, tau_{pl}, needed for the system to explore the basin, indicating the
action of barriers. The distinction between motion among the IS below T_{c} and
saddle, or border dynamics above T_{c} is discussed.Comment: submitted to pr
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Imaging the Functional Connectivity of the Periaqueductal Gray During Genuine and Sham Electroacupuncture Treatment
Background: Electroacupuncture (EA) is currently one of the most popular acupuncture modalities. However, the continuous stimulation characteristic of EA treatment presents challenges to the use of conventional functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) approaches for the investigation of neural mechanisms mediating treatment response because of the requirement for brief and intermittent stimuli in event related or block designed task paradigms. A relatively new analysis method, functional connectivity fMRI (fcMRI), has great potential for studying continuous treatment modalities such as EA. In a previous study, we found that, compared with sham acupuncture, EA can significantly reduce Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) activity when subsequently evoked by experimental pain. Given the PAG's important role in mediating acupuncture analgesia, in this study we investigated functional connectivity with the area of the PAG we previously identified and how that connectivity was affected by genuine and sham EA. Results: Forty-eight subjects, who were randomly assigned to receive either genuine or sham EA paired with either a high or low expectancy manipulation, completed the study. Direct comparison of each treatment mode's functional connectivity revealed: significantly greater connectivity between the PAG, left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and precuneus for the contrast of genuine minus sham; significantly greater connectivity between the PAG and right anterior insula for the contrast of sham minus genuine; no significant differences in connectivity between different contrasts of the two expectancy levels. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the intrinsic functional connectivity changes among key brain regions in the pain matrix and default mode network during genuine EA compared with sham EA. We speculate that continuous genuine EA stimulation can modify the coupling of spontaneous activity in brain regions that play a role in modulating pain perception
Heterogeneities in Supercooled liquids: A Density Functional Study
A metastable state, characterized by a low degree of mass localization is
identified using Density Functional Theory. This free energy minimum, located
through the proper evaluation of the competing terms in the free energy
functional, is independent of the specific form of the DFT used. Computer
simulation results on particle motion indicate that this heterogeneous state
corresponds to the supercooled state.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Curvature fluctuations and Lyapunov exponent at Melting
We calculate the maximal Lyapunov exponent in constant-energy molecular
dynamics simulations at the melting transition for finite clusters of 6 to 13
particles (model rare-gas and metallic systems) as well as for bulk rare-gas
solid. For clusters, the Lyapunov exponent generally varies linearly with the
total energy, but the slope changes sharply at the melting transition. In the
bulk system, melting corresponds to a jump in the Lyapunov exponent, and this
corresponds to a singularity in the variance of the curvature of the potential
energy surface. In these systems there are two mechanisms of chaos -- local
instability and parametric instability. We calculate the contribution of the
parametric instability towards the chaoticity of these systems using a recently
proposed formalism. The contribution of parametric instability is a continuous
function of energy in small clusters but not in the bulk where the melting
corresponds to a decrease in this quantity. This implies that the melting in
small clusters does not lead to enhanced local instability.Comment: Revtex with 7 PS figures. To appear in Phys Rev
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