Developing the Next Generation of Physics Assessments

Science education at all levels is currently undergoing dramatic changes to its curricula and developing assessments for these new curricula is paramount. We have used the basis of many of these new changes (scientific practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas) to develop sets of criteria that can be used to guide assessment development for this new curriculum. We present a case study that uses the criteria we have developed to revise a traditional physics assessment item into an assessment item that is much more aligned with the goals of current transformation efforts. Assessment items developed using this criteria can be used to assess student learning of both the concepts and process of science.Comment: Revised version for PERC 2015 Conference Proceeding

Use and abuse of statistics in tobacco industry-funded research on standardised packaging

In this commentary we consider the validity of tobacco industry-funded research on the effects of standardised packaging in Australia. As the first country to introduce standardised packs, Australia is closely watched, and Philip Morris International has recently funded two studies into the impact of the measure on smoking prevalence. Both of these papers are flawed in conception as well as design but have nonetheless been widely publicised as cautionary tales against standardised pack legislation. Specifically, we focus on the low statistical significance of the analytical methods used and the assumption that standardised packaging should have an immediate large impact on smoking prevalence

Film boiling of saturated liquid flowing upward through a heated tube : high vapor quality range

Film boiling of saturated liquid flowing upward through a uniformly heated tube has been studied for the case in which pure saturated liquid enters the tube and nearly saturated vapor is discharged. Since a previous study at the M.I.T. Heat Transfer Laboratory covered the case in which only a small percentage of the total mass flow is vaporized, this investigation has been concentrated on film boiling in the region where the vapor quality is greater than 10 percent. Visual studies of film boiling of liquid nitrogen flowing through an electrically conducting pyrex tube have been made to determine the characteristics of the two-phase flow regimes which occur as a result of the film boiling process. It was found that the annular flow regime with liquid in the core and vapor between the liquid and the tube wall, which exists at very low qualities, is broken up at higher qualities to form a dispersed flow of droplets and filaments of liquid carried along in a vapor matrix. A stainless steel test section having a .319 inch ID and heated electrically, has been used to obtain experimental data of wall temperature distributions along the tube and local heat transfer coefficients for different heat fluxes and flow rates with liquid nitrogen as the teit fluid. Heat flux has been varied from 3500 2 to 30000 BTU/hr-ft and mass velocity from 70000 to 210000 lbm/hr-ft2. From these tests, values of wall superheat, (Tw -Ts ), from 200 to w S 975[degree]F and heat transfer coefficients from 11.1 to 65.5 BTU/hr-ft2-[degree] F have been obtained. A theoretical derivation using the Dittus-Boelter equation as an i,7mptote for the heat transfer to pure vapor has demonstrated that a significant amount of vapor superheat is present throughout the film boiling process. The mechanism of the heat transfer process in the dispersed flow region has been described by a two step theory in which 1) all ofthe heat from the wall is transferred to the vapor and 2) heat iSponsored by the National Science Foundatio

How do Europeans quit using tobacco, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products? A cross-sectional analysis in 28 European countries

Objectives: While smoking tobacco remains a substantial cause of harm in Europe, novel products such as electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have entered the market recently. While debate still persists over the role of these novel products, they are now in widespread use. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and methods of attempts to quit EC and HTP. Setting: We analysed the 2020 Eurobarometer survey, which collected data in 28 European countries. Participants: A representative sample of individuals residing in these countries aged ≥15 years. Primary and secondary: outcome measures Multilevel regression analyses were performed to assess differences in quit attempts and cessation methods among tobacco smokers and exclusive EC/HTP users separately. Results: 51.1% of current tobacco smokers and 27.1% of exclusive EC or HTP users reported having ever made a quit attempt. The majority of former and current smokers (75.8%) who made a quit attempt did so unassisted, with 28.8% reporting at least one attempt using a cessation aid. The most popular cessation aids were nicotine replacement therapy or other medication (13.4%) and ECs (11.3%). 58.8% of exclusive EC or HTP users who had made a quit attempt did so unassisted, with 39.5% reporting the use of a cessation aid. Conclusion: Most EC and HTP users in Europe try to quit unassisted, although more of them report the use of a cessation aid compared with tobacco smokers. Cessation support services should take into consideration the increasing numbers of users of EC and HTP who may be trying to quit

Impact of 'high-profile' public reporting on utilization and quality of maternity care in England: a difference-in-difference analysis

Objectives To evaluate the impact of high profile public reporting on utilisation and perceived quality of maternity services in England. Methods Analysis of national hospital administrative data using difference in difference models with propensity score matching and analysis of two maternity surveys from 2007 and 2010. Outcomes were counts of women admitted for delivery of a baby and the percentage of women rating their care positively in 2007 and 2010. Results Hospitals publicised as providing the best maternity care in England had fewer admissions annually and lower occupancy rates (63.0% vs. 77.3%; p=0.09) than the national comparison group. Hospitals publicised as providing the worst maternity care were predominantly in the greater London area, with more women aged 15-34 years in their catchment areas than the national comparison group. There was no statistically significant change in overall maternity admissions in the best hospitals (+ 2.2%, p=0.40 at six months), or the worst hospitals (- 2.8%, p=0.49 at six months) during any period in the thirty-six months after public reporting relative to baseline. Compared to the national comparison group the worst rated hospitals experienced greater improvements in perceived quality after public reporting but these findings were not maintained in the matched analysis. Conclusions High profile public reporting of maternity care in England was not associated with changes in the utilisation of maternity services or improvements in patient reported quality. These findings provide further evidence that public reporting is unlikely to drive major improvements in health system performance through the mechanism of patient choice

Microscale structural changes of individual fibrin fibers during fibrinolysis

Fibrinolysis is the enzymatic digestion of fibrin, the primary structural component in blood clots. Mechanisms of fibrin fiber digestion during lysis have long been debated and obtaining detailed structural knowledge of these processes is important for developing effective clinical approaches to treat ischemic stroke and pulmonary embolism. Using dynamic fluorescence microscopy, we studied the time-resolved digestion of individual fibrin fibers by the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin. We found that plasmin molecules digest fibers along their entire lengths, but that the rates of digestion are non-uniform, resulting in cleavage at a single location along the fiber. Using mathematical modeling we estimated the rate of plasmin arrival at the fiber surface and the number of digestion sites on a fiber. We also investigated correlations between local fiber digestion rates, cleavage sites, and fiber properties such as initial thickness. Finally, we uncovered a previously unknown tension-dependent mechanism that pulls fibers apart during digestion. Taken together these results promote a paradigm shift in understanding mechanisms of fibrinolysis and underscore the need to consider fibrin tension when assessing fibrinolytic approaches.ECU Open Access Publishing Support Fun