Standards for Libraries in Higher Education

The Standards for Libraries in Higher Education are designed to guide academic libraries in advancing and sustaining their role as partners in educating students, achieving their institutions’ missions, and positioning libraries as leaders in assessment and continuous improvement on their campuses. Libraries must demonstrate their value and document their contributions to overall institutional effectiveness and be prepared to address changes in higher education. These Standards were developed through study and consideration of new and emerging issues and trends in libraries, higher education, and accrediting practices. These Standards differ from previous versions by articulating expectations for library contributions to institutional effectiveness. These Standards differ structurally by providing a comprehensive framework using an outcomes-based approach, with evidence collected in ways most appropriate for each institution

Results of δ³⁴S analysis performed by secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS) on selected specimens.

<p>Three different isotope patterns are distinguished and related to the stage of pyrite formation during diagenesis. Each case is illustrated by one histogram of δ³⁴S data and the color data plot of a representative specimen. Early growth of pyrite (example from Figure S1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099438#pone.0099438.s002" target="_blank">File S1</a>): pyritization was rapidly completed during early diagenesis. Late growth of pyrite (example from Figure S4 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099438#pone.0099438.s002" target="_blank">File S1</a>): pyritization continued with burial through early to somewhat later diagenesis. Prolonged growth of pyrite (example from Figure S9 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099438#pone.0099438.s002" target="_blank">File S1</a>): pyritization continued episodically over a large range of burial depth during late stages of diagenesis. An atlas showing specimens and their δ³⁴S data is available in Supporting Information.</p

Results of δ³⁴S analysis performed by secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS) on selected specimens.

<p>Three different isotope patterns are distinguished and related to the stage of pyrite formation during diagenesis. Each case is illustrated by one histogram of δ³⁴S data and the color data plot of a representative specimen. Early growth of pyrite (example from Figure S1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099438#pone.0099438.s002" target="_blank">File S1</a>): pyritization was rapidly completed during early diagenesis. Late growth of pyrite (example from Figure S4 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099438#pone.0099438.s002" target="_blank">File S1</a>): pyritization continued with burial through early to somewhat later diagenesis. Prolonged growth of pyrite (example from Figure S9 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099438#pone.0099438.s002" target="_blank">File S1</a>): pyritization continued episodically over a large range of burial depth during late stages of diagenesis. An atlas showing specimens and their δ³⁴S data is available in Supporting Information.</p

Results of δ³⁴S isotopic analyses performed on two pyrite concretions (pyrite “sun” and pyrite “flower”, in blue) and on fossil specimens from Gabon (top, in blue) compared to those from their respective host sediments (orange).

<p>Host sediment values for the pyrite “flower” from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099438#pone.0099438-Fisher1" target="_blank">[68]</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099438#pone.0099438-Raiswell2" target="_blank">[69]</a>.</p

Macrofossil assemblage from the FB2 black shales of Gabon.

<p>Photographs and micro-CT volume rendering in semi- or full transparency and different projections show the disparity of forms from the FB2 Subunit and their diverse inner structural organization. Spatial resolution varies from 30 to 115 µm³. (A–F) Non-pyritized to weakly pyritized disks with a radially striated core encircled (arrow) by a flange-like outer part. Virtual section (bottom) in D shows the sharp contact between the specimen and the laminae of the surrounding black shale. Arrows show a few remains of pyrite. Scale bars 1 cm.</p

Spheroidal carbonaceous palynomorphs extracted from the host sediment by acid maceration.

<p>(A–D) Pictures obtained with a transmitted light microscope (A, B) and environmental SEM (C, D). Folding and wrinkling as well as granular and degraded textures of vesicle walls are likely taphonomic features. V-shaped cuts (B) and holes (D) (arrows) illustrate the vesicle wall structure. Scale bars 50 µm. (Extensive details, including Raman, STXM, FIB, TEM, and FTIR are available in Supporting Information.) (E) Ultramicrotomy section through the organic-wall of a single specimen. Scale bar 5 nm. (F) SEM image (top) of a specimen used to extract and FIB foil.Double arrowhead shows the location from where the FIB foil was extracted. Bright-field TEM image (bottom) of the FIB foil. The dark upper layer, which measures ∼800 nm in thickness, is the platinum strap deposited at the top of the gold-coated sample before FIB milling. Gold coating can be observed as a darker, ∼200 nm thick layer at the top of the specimen. The wall consists of a continuous carbonaceous film (arrows). It is mixed with various mineral particles. The sample lies over a glass coverslip. Scale bars 10 µm (top) and 2 µm (bottom).</p

Geological map of the Francevillian basin and lithostratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Francevillian Series.

<p>(A) The location of the fossiliferous quarry is indicated by a star. (B) The Francevillian Series consists of four formations (FA to FD). The star indicates the FB2 Subunit. (C) Detailed lithology of the FB2 Subunit in the fossiliferous quarry.</p

Petrography of pyrite crystals.

<p>(A) SEM-BSE image of an euhedral crystal after severe HNO₃ etching. Note the spongy texture in the centre and the growth bands in the outer part. (B) SEM-BSE image of floriform pyrite after severe HNO₃ etching. Note the radiating texture in the centre and the growth bands in the outer part. (C) Photomicrograph of the spongy pyrite after severe HNO₃ etching. This pyrite contains both euhedral and floriform pyrites. Note the orange colour in the centre of euhedral and floriform pyrites. (D) Photomicrograph of coarse pyrite after severe HNO₃ etching. Note small orange forms in the middle of some crystals. (E) SEM-BSE image of coarse pyrite after severe HNO₃ etching. (F) SEM-BSE view of the transition from spongy (lower left corner) to coarse (upper right corner) pyrite. (G–I) Pyrite “sun” sample (SMNH X4450) under reflected, plane-polarized light, highlighting the growth texture of pyrite. (G, H) Surface of the pyrite “sun” showing apparent growth bands (underlined in red) and elongated radiating crystals (arrow) centrifugally developed perpendicular to the growth bands. (H) Close-up view of G showing the relationships between radial crystals (arrow) and apparent growth bands. (I) Section parallel to the plane of the pyrite “sun” showing a centrifugal arrangement of coarse acicular crystals (arrow). Scale bars 10 µm (A), 50 µm (B, C), 100 µm (D, I), 500 µm (E, F), and 5 mm (G, H).</p