Exercise-Derived Microvesicles: A Review of the Literature

Initially suggested as simple cell debris, cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) have now gained acceptance as recognized players in cellular communication and physiology. Shed by most, and perhaps all, human cells, these tiny lipid-membrane vesicles carry bioactive agents, such as proteins, lipids and microRNA from their cell source, and are produced under orchestrated events in response to a myriad of stimuli. Physical exercise introduces systemic physiological challenges capable of acutely disrupting cell homeostasis and stimulating the release of MVs into the circulation. The novel and promising field of exercise-derived MVs is expanding quickly, and the following work provides a review of the influence of exercise on circulating MVs, considering both acute and chronic aspects of exercise and training. Potential effects of the MV response to exercise are highlighted and future directions suggested as exercise and sports sciences extend the realm of extracellular vesicles

Stable soft extrapolation of entire functions

Soft extrapolation refers to the problem of recovering a function from its samples, multiplied by a fast-decaying window and perturbed by an additive noise, over an interval which is potentially larger than the essential support of the window. A core theoretical question is to provide bounds on the possible amount of extrapolation, depending on the sample perturbation level and the function prior. In this paper we consider soft extrapolation of entire functions of finite order and type (containing the class of bandlimited functions as a special case), multiplied by a super-exponentially decaying window (such as a Gaussian). We consider a weighted least-squares polynomial approximation with judiciously chosen number of terms and a number of samples which scales linearly with the degree of approximation. It is shown that this simple procedure provides stable recovery with an extrapolation factor which scales logarithmically with the perturbation level and is inversely proportional to the characteristic lengthscale of the function. The pointwise extrapolation error exhibits a H\"{o}lder-type continuity with an exponent derived from weighted potential theory, which changes from 1 near the available samples, to 0 when the extrapolation distance reaches the characteristic smoothness length scale of the function. The algorithm is asymptotically minimax, in the sense that there is essentially no better algorithm yielding meaningfully lower error over the same smoothness class. When viewed in the dual domain, the above problem corresponds to (stable) simultaneous de-convolution and super-resolution for objects of small space/time extent. Our results then show that the amount of achievable super-resolution is inversely proportional to the object size, and therefore can be significant for small objects

Mendocino power plant site ecological study, Quarterly Report No. 1; July 1 - September 30, 1971

This report is the first quarterly report submitted in partial fulfillment of Research Contract No. S-1902 between the Department of Fish and Game and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Through this contract the Department of Fish and Game is to conduct a pre-operational ecological study to establish a base line inventory of the marine biota with special reference to fish and to abalone, including food chains. Quarterly reports will be followed by annual reports. The first annual report will cover all work from September 1971 through December 1972. Full tables and species lists will be included in each annual report

On and Off-diagonal Sturmian operator: dynamic and spectral dimension

We study two versions of quasicrystal model, both subcases of Jacobi matrices. For Off-diagonal model, we show an upper bound of dynamical exponent and the norm of the transfer matrix. We apply this result to the Off-diagonal Fibonacci Hamiltonian and obtain a sub-ballistic bound for coupling large enough. In diagonal case, we improve previous lower bounds on the fractal box-counting dimension of the spectrum.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:math-ph/0502044 and arXiv:0807.3024 by other author

The merger of two-dimensional radially stratified high-Froude-number vortices

We investigate the influence of density inhomogeneities on the merger of two corotating two-dimensional vortices at infinite Froude number. In this situation, buoyancy effects are negligible, yet density variations still affect the flow by pure inertial effects through the baroclinic torque. We first re-address the effects of a finite Reynolds number on the interaction between two identical Gaussian vortices. Then, by means of direct numerical simulations, we show that vortices transporting light fluid in a heavier counterpart merge from further distances than vortices in a uniform density medium. On the other hand, heavy vortices only merge from small separation distances. We measure the critical distance a/b0 of the vortex radii to their initial separation distance. It departs from the homogeneous threshold of 0.22 in response to increasing density contrasts between the vortices and their surroundings. An analysis of the contribution of the baroclinic vorticity to the dynamics of the flow is detailed and explains the observed behaviour. This analysis is completed by a simple model based on point vortices that mimics the flow. It is concluded that vortices carrying light fluid are more likely to generate large-scale structures than heavy ones in an inhomogeneous fluid

Environmental policy, innovation and performance : new insights on the Porter hypothesis

Jaffe and Palmer (1997) present three distinct variants of the so-called Porter Hypothesis. The “weak” version of the hypothesis posits that environmental regulation will stimulate certain kinds of environmental innovations. The “narrow” version of the hypothesis asserts that flexible environmental policy regimes give firms greater incentive to innovate than prescriptive regulations, such as technology-based standards.Finally, the “strong” version posits that properly designed regulation may induce cost-saving innovation that more than compensates for the cost of compliance. In this paper, we test the significance of these different variants of the Porter Hypothesis using data on the four main elements of the hypothesised causality chain (environmental policy, research and development, environmental performance and commercial performance). The analysis is based upon a unique database which includes observations from approximately 4200 facilities in seven OECD countries. In general, we find strong support for the “weak” version, qualified support for the “narrow” version, and qualified support for the “strong” version as well.PORTHER HYPOTHESIS;ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY;INNOVATION;ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE;BUSINESS PERFORMANCE

Mendocino power plant site ecological study, Quarterly Report No. 5; July 1 - September 30, 1972

This report is the fifth quarterly report submitted in partial fulfillment of Research Contract No. S-1902 between the Department of Fish and Game and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Through this contract the Department of Fish and Game is to conduct a pre-operational ecological study to establish a base line inventory of the marine biota with special reference to fish and to abalone, including food chains. Quarterly reports will be followed by annual reports. The first annual report will cover all work from September 1971 through December 1972. Full tables and species lists will be included in each annual report