Effect and 95% CIs of a 10-μg/m increase in air pollution on death using a Cox proportional hazards model with a second-degree polynomial–distributed lag model, adjusted for meteorologic variables

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Survival Analysis to Estimate Association between Short-Term Mortality and Air Pollution"</p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;114(2):242-247.</p><p>Published online 3 Oct 2005</p><p>PMCID:PMC1367838.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.</p

Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012

<div><p>In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness (ILI) that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs from ILI patients in 2011 and 2012. A total of 250 swabs were randomly selected and analyzed by multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) including research of 18 viruses and 4 bacteria. We detected respiratory viruses in 169/222 (76.1%) samples, mostly rhinovirus (23.4%), influenza A virus (21.2%), influenza B virus (12.6%), coronavirus (4.9%) and Human metapneumovirus (3.6%). Nine swabs (5.3% of positive swabs) revealed co-infections with two viruses identified, among which six concerned co-infections with influenza viruses. We observed important seasonal differences, with circulation of Human Metapneumoviruses, RSV A and B and coronavirus only during summer; whereas parainfluenza viruses were identified only during winter. In conclusion, this study highlights a substantial circulation of multiple respiratory pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year. It shows that ILI are not only attributable to influenza and underlines the need for biological surveillance. As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy, it is now used routinely in the surveillance of ILI.</p></div

Number of negative swabs and percentage of ILI consultations declared by the sentinel GPs in 2011 and 2012 in Réunion Island.

<p>Specimens from outpatient (n  =  222) that consult for ILI were analyzed using multiplex RT-PCR. Bars represent the number of specimen that tested negative for all pathogens analyzed. The curve showing the weekly proportion of ILI among total visit based on data collected from sentinel network practitioners in 2011–2012 was added.</p

Identified pathogens in nasal swabs analyzed by multiplex PCR, Réunion Island, 2011 and 2012.

<p>Identified pathogens in nasal swabs analyzed by multiplex PCR, Réunion Island, 2011 and 2012.</p

Identified viruses and percentage of ILI consultations declared by the sentinel GPs in 2011 and 2012 in Réunion Island.

<p>Specimens from outpatient (n  =  222) that consult for ILI were analyzed using multiplex RT-PCR. Each panel shows the weekly incidence of one virus. For each virus, bars represent the number of specimen detected. The curve showing the weekly proportion of ILI among total visit based on data collected from sentinel network practitioners in 2011–2012 was added to each panel.</p

Identified co-infections in nasal swabs analyzed by multiplex PCR, Réunion Island, 2011 and 2012.

<p>Identified co-infections in nasal swabs analyzed by multiplex PCR, Réunion Island, 2011 and 2012.</p

Adjusted prevalence of RVFV IgG antibodies in the ruminant population and Odds ratios in univariate analysis according to potential risk factors, Mayotte, 2011.

*<p>variable retained after univariate analysis for the logistic model.</p

Geographical distribution of ruminant herds included in the study and overall seroprevalence of RVFV IgG antibodies in the ruminant population, Mayotte, 2011.

<p>Geographical distribution of ruminant herds included in the study and overall seroprevalence of RVFV IgG antibodies in the ruminant population, Mayotte, 2011.</p

Final logistic regression model presenting significantly associated risk factors for RVF in the general population ≥5 years, Mayotte, 2011.

*<p>reference category.</p

Seroconversion rates according to age and baseline-proxy HIA titers in 249 individuals enrolled in pre-pandemic phase, CoPanFlu-RUN cohort, Reunion Island, 2009.

<p>Data are numbers, percentages (100 * number seroconverters/number tested (95% confidence intervals)) and ALR parameter test <i>P</i> value for comparison of seroconversion proportions between baseline-proxy HIA titer (<1/40 versus ≥1/40), in each age, after controlling for household selection. In the group “All ages” seroconversion rates were standardized according to age structure of the community.</p><p>*HIA titer: hemagglutination inhibition assay titer. Seroconversion was defined as a shift from seronegative at inclusion (i.e. HIA titer <1/40) to seropositive on follow-up sample, or as a 4-fold increase of reciprocal HIA titer between first and second paired samples for sera tested seropositive on inclusion (i.e. HIA titer ≥1/40).</p