ESM 4 - Spectrograms. Spectrograms of the unfished (left) and fished (right) maerl beds recorded in spring in the Bay of Brest from Marine soundscape shaped by fishing activity

Marine communities face anthropogenic pressures that degrade ecosystems. Because underwater soundscapes carry information about habitat quality, we explored whether destructive impacts of fishing could be evaluated via the soundscape. Maerl beds are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and they experience major worldwide degradation due to fishing. We collected field acoustic recordings in maerl beds exposed to different fishing practices. We found that unfished maerl beds were threefold louder and exhibited sound frequencies more diversified than those recorded in fished maerl beds. Analyses of associated fauna samples indicated that snapping shrimps provided a major contribution to the maerl bed soundscape. Moreover, sea urchins and squat lobsters most likely contributed to differences between the soundscapes of unfished and fished maerl beds. Our results supported the idea that the soundscape can provide valuable information on maerl bed ecosystem health related to fishing activity

ESM 5 from Marine soundscape shaped by fishing activity

Marine communities face anthropogenic pressures that degrade ecosystems. Because underwater soundscapes carry information about habitat quality, we explored whether destructive impacts of fishing could be evaluated via the soundscape. Maerl beds are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and they experience major worldwide degradation due to fishing. We collected field acoustic recordings in maerl beds exposed to different fishing practices. We found that unfished maerl beds were threefold louder and exhibited sound frequencies more diversified than those recorded in fished maerl beds. Analyses of associated fauna samples indicated that snapping shrimps provided a major contribution to the maerl bed soundscape. Moreover, sea urchins and squat lobsters most likely contributed to differences between the soundscapes of unfished and fished maerl beds. Our results supported the idea that the soundscape can provide valuable information on maerl bed ecosystem health related to fishing activity

Valve movement recorded by accelerometry.

<p>Data obtained from a single great scallop exposed for 2 hours to the higher cell concentration (500 000 cells L^-1) of A) <i>Heterocapsa triquetra</i> control treatment and B) the toxic <i>Alexandrium minutum</i>.</p

Experimental setup for recording valve movements and sounds of <i>Pecten maximus</i> under <i>Alexandrium minutum</i> exposures.

<p>Each scallop was equipped with an accelerometer on the upper valve. The hydrophones were suspended 15 cm above the bottom of each tank and linked to the acoustic recorder. A silicone plate (0.5 cm thick) on the bottom of the tank prevented sound emissions due to friction between hard body parts and the glass when animals moved. Black dots represent algae added in the tank at the beginning of the trial. Scallops were visually recorded using synchronized GoPro^® HERO 3 video cameras.</p

ESM 1 - Fauna sampling. Fauna sampling associated with acoustic recordings from Marine soundscape shaped by fishing activity

Marine communities face anthropogenic pressures that degrade ecosystems. Because underwater soundscapes carry information about habitat quality, we explored whether destructive impacts of fishing could be evaluated via the soundscape. Maerl beds are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and they experience major worldwide degradation due to fishing. We collected field acoustic recordings in maerl beds exposed to different fishing practices. We found that unfished maerl beds were threefold louder and exhibited sound frequencies more diversified than those recorded in fished maerl beds. Analyses of associated fauna samples indicated that snapping shrimps provided a major contribution to the maerl bed soundscape. Moreover, sea urchins and squat lobsters most likely contributed to differences between the soundscapes of unfished and fished maerl beds. Our results supported the idea that the soundscape can provide valuable information on maerl bed ecosystem health related to fishing activity

ESM 2 - Time series data set of species richness. Time series data set of the invertebrate species richness over 20 years in maerl beds exposed to different fishing practices from Marine soundscape shaped by fishing activity

Marine communities face anthropogenic pressures that degrade ecosystems. Because underwater soundscapes carry information about habitat quality, we explored whether destructive impacts of fishing could be evaluated via the soundscape. Maerl beds are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and they experience major worldwide degradation due to fishing. We collected field acoustic recordings in maerl beds exposed to different fishing practices. We found that unfished maerl beds were threefold louder and exhibited sound frequencies more diversified than those recorded in fished maerl beds. Analyses of associated fauna samples indicated that snapping shrimps provided a major contribution to the maerl bed soundscape. Moreover, sea urchins and squat lobsters most likely contributed to differences between the soundscapes of unfished and fished maerl beds. Our results supported the idea that the soundscape can provide valuable information on maerl bed ecosystem health related to fishing activity

Effects of <i>Alexandrium minutum</i> on behaviour.

<p>A) Accelerometer and B) acoustic data showing movement responses in <i>Pecten maximus</i> exposed to three concentrations of <i>Heterocapsa triquetra</i> (light grey bars, control) or toxic <i>Alexandrium minutum</i> (dark grey bars) for 2 hours (mean ± SE, n = 9 per concentration). Asterisks indicate significant differences (Wilcoxon signed rank test) between toxic and control diets for each concentration. Different letters indicate significant differences (Welch’s ANOVA) between the three concentrations of a diet. The graphs describing the number of swimming and displacement detected by passive acoustics were not presented since these behaviors were always detected with acoustics, and thus correspond exactly to those obtained with accelerometer.</p

Accelerometer <i>vs</i>. acoustics methods.

<p>Comparison of <i>Pecten maximus</i> movements (expulsion, displacement, closure, and swimming) obtained with A) passive acoustics and B) accelerometry.</p

ESM 3 - ANL spectra. ANL spectra of the unfished (green line) and fished (red line) maerl beds recorded in the Bay of Brest. Grey lines indicate Wenz's wind and traffic noise curves (Wenz 1962) from Marine soundscape shaped by fishing activity

Marine communities face anthropogenic pressures that degrade ecosystems. Because underwater soundscapes carry information about habitat quality, we explored whether destructive impacts of fishing could be evaluated via the soundscape. Maerl beds are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and they experience major worldwide degradation due to fishing. We collected field acoustic recordings in maerl beds exposed to different fishing practices. We found that unfished maerl beds were threefold louder and exhibited sound frequencies more diversified than those recorded in fished maerl beds. Analyses of associated fauna samples indicated that snapping shrimps provided a major contribution to the maerl bed soundscape. Moreover, sea urchins and squat lobsters most likely contributed to differences between the soundscapes of unfished and fished maerl beds. Our results supported the idea that the soundscape can provide valuable information on maerl bed ecosystem health related to fishing activity

Environmental data with the respective leading principle component (PC) scores.

<p>Environmental parameters included in analysis are: salinity, River Elorn inflow rate, nitrite levels and rainfall. Each environmental parameter was normalised (mean = 0, variance = 1).</p