Changes in inflammatory marker concentrations between the third trimester and six months postpartum.

<p>The effect of time between enrolment (antepartum) and six months postpartum on inflammatory marker levels – either as absolute concentrations or percentage of women with detectable marker expression – was tested using generalized estimating equations (GEEs). Time and time*group interaction terms are reported, adjusted for CD4 and viral load at enrolment, and whether HAART was initiated between sampling times.</p

Case diagnoses.

a<p>One participant additional diagnosis of gangrene, the other rectal divercation one month later.</p>b<p>Previous diagnosis with ovarian cyst.</p>c<p>Three months later sepsis.</p>d<p>One simultaneously diagnosed with gastroenteritis, another later diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis.</p>e<p>Two participants with TB-related diagnoses had multiple diagnoses at the same visit (lymphadenitis, pleural effusion); one participant had an additional diagnosis of cervicitis 15 months later and meningococcal meningitis 32 months later.</p

Patient characteristics at 34 weeks gestation and six months post-partum.

a<p>Median value (interquartile range).</p>b<p>Median % of samples with detected concentration of marker (95% CI).</p>c<p><i>P</i>-values obtained from Wilcoxon signed-rank test between timepoints.</p

Case-Control Study for Association of Inflammatory Marker Concentration and Major Adverse Clinical Events.

a<p>The model fit was a proportional hazards Cox model with appropriate weighting for the case-cohort design.</p>b<p><i>P</i>-values obtained from Wilcoxon signed rank (continuous) or Chi-Square (dichotomous) test.</p>c<p>Adjusted for maternal age, calendar time of delivery, feeding strategy, HIV RNA load and CD4 count at 6 months post-partum.</p

Selection of subcohorts.

<p>For Aim 1, we selected at random 86 women from the breastfeeding and 75 women from the formula-feeding arms of the Mashi Study. For Aim 2, a case was defined as a woman who had a six-month postpartum sample available, and experienced a major adverse clinical event after, but not before, eight months postpartum. Women randomly selected for Aim 1 who did not experience any adverse clinical events comprised the controls for Aim 2.</p

Association of viral load and CD4 count with cytokine expression.

<p>Viral load (red) is shown on the left y axis, and CD4 count (blue) on the right y axis. (a) association with cytokine expression at enrollment; (b) association with cytokine expression at six months postpartum.</p

Outcomes according to study group.

<p>Groups: ____ No OI; …. TB; –– Other OIs.</p

Selected baseline characteristics by study groups.

<p>^a TB = tuberculosis; PTB = pulmonary tuberculosis; ETB = extrapulmonary tuberculosis.</p><p>^b p-values for categorical variables were obtained with the use of the chi-square test, while ANOVA test was used for continuous variables.</p><p>^c ZDV = zidovudine; 3TC = lamivudine; EFV = efavirenz; DDI = didanosine; TDF = tenofovir; FTC = emtricitabine.</p

Risk Factors of Time to Treatment Failure.

1<p>All adjusted models include treatment condition.</p><p>Table Legend:</p><p>QOL_health: general health perceptions.</p><p>QOL_mental: mental health.</p

Baseline Participant Characteristics.

<p>Table Legend:</p><p>QOL_health: general health perceptions.</p><p>QOL_mental: mental health.</p><p>Treatment: Once daily protease inhibitor + nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: atazanavir + didanosine-EC and emtricitabine.</p><p>Treatment: Once daily non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor + nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: efavirenz + co-formulated emtricitabine-tenofovir-DF.</p><p>Standard of care: efavirenz plus co-formulated lamivudine-zidovudine.</p