16 research outputs found
Using institutional arrangements to teach undergraduates about commons in Thailand, and beyond
The development eraser: fantastical schemes, aspirational distractions and high modern mega-events in the Oecusse enclave, Timor-Leste
The array of challenges to durably improving rural peoples' lives in remote regions is so daunting that it can be tempting to erase what is there, and to seek a blank slate. This tension is being played out in the OecusseAmbeno enclave of Timor-Leste, a region long familiar with geographic and political isolation. Residents now encounter a new iteration of their unique status: rapid declaration of their region as a special economic zone (ZEESM), with a new regional governance structure and an appointed leadership. The advent of this new zone is meant to catapult Oecusse from its current state of chronic infrastructure and basic development challenges to a booming economic center and a fount of national income in short order. Early emphasis is placed on rapid, major coastal infrastructure construction deemed necessary for the November 2015 commemoration of the 500th anniversary of Portuguese arrival, with the hallmarks associated with high modernism and mega-event preparation worldwide: spatial re-ordering and regulation; a strong orientation to external inputs, resources, and services; and centralized control of rapid infrastructure change. This article investigates the ideological underpinnings of these plans, and explores the irony of how the proposals and their governance arrangement are a disjuncture with Oecusse as a historically important place. It concludes with observations on this project's place in the national development context, and the likely costs and impacts of development for the Oecusse population. Risks include further political and economic marginalization of the mountain-dwelling and rural population, local residents' loss of productive agricultural land and access to water, reduced protection through administrative exclusion from national political structures, and the opportunity costs of misdevelopment's aspirational distractions.
Key words: Special Economic Zone; high modernism; mega-event; Timor-Leste; Oecusse Ambeno; economic developmen
Political ecologies of wood and wax: sandalwood and beeswax as symbols and shapers of customary authority in the Oecusse enclave, Timor
The enclave of Oecusse-Ambeno, Timor Leste, was formed in part through struggles over controlling trade in sandalwood and beeswax, two forest products that continue to influence political and ritual allegiances, and the political history of Oecusse. These products are interwoven with the region's contacts with outsiders, influencing local political hierarchies and roles of kings, village heads, and ritual authorities. While wood and wax are recognized to be of Timorese origin, local myths posit that their use and value was unrecognized before the arrival of Chinese traders and Portuguese missionaries. Several narratives of the origins of trade in sandalwood, and the kings' annual beeswax candle tributes, illustrate the enduring connections among local authorities, forest resource control, religious symbolism, and ritual obligations surrounding harvests of sandalwood and beeswax. Customary practices contribute to forest conservation through local protection of beeswax-producing forests, and by circumscribing the harvest. While both beehives and sandalwood impede intensive agricultural land uses, farmers welcome beeswax as a profitable product that supports ritual. But they resent sandalwood's growth in their fields since it involves more regulation and increased labor requirements. The two products' different ecologies of disturbance and incidence contributed over time to distinct ownership norms and forms of control by customary authorities. This is the "political ecology of wood and wax" in Oecusse.
Key words: Oecusse, Timor Leste/East Timor, sandalwood, beeswax, customary authority, colonialism
Piloting the experimental ZEESM megaproject: Performing the future in the Oecusse-Ambeno enclave
Kammen, Douglas. Three centuries of conflict in East Timor. xv, 231 pp., tables, figs, illus., bibliogr. London, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2015. £51.50 (cloth)
Community Use and Knowledge of Algarrobo (Prosopis pallida) and Implications for Peruvian Dry Forest Conservation
Algarrobo (Prosopis pallida Kunth) is the keystone species in Peru’s highly threatened northern dry forests. Though uniquely adapted to thrive in arid environments, algarrobo extent along the Peruvian coast and particularly in La Libertad region has been drastically reduced by urban growth, agricultural expansion, and wood harvesting. Effective conservation of surviving dry forests in La Libertad will require initiatives grounded in field-based knowledge of surrounding communities’ interactions with algarrobo and their understanding of the trees’ importance. This research investigates how residents of distinct communities in or near the town of San Pedro de Lloc in La Libertad, know, use, and value algarrobo in three nearby dry forests. Methods include interviews with community residents and key stakeholders, as well as observation visits to local forests. Our results indicate that primary current uses of algarrobo include widespread domestic consumption of firewood, charcoal production for commercial use, and dependence on algarrobo dry forests as livestock forage. Community residents also value algarrobo trees for their ecological roles in producing oxygen, preventing the encroachment of sand dunes into neighborhoods, and as cultural patrimony. Building on these findings, we suggest a range of concrete ways in which local knowledge and use of algarrobo can support the conservation of this unique and fast-disappearing forest ecosystem. El algarrobo (Prosopis pallida Kunth) es la especie clave del bosque seco norteño de Perú, un ecosistema forestal muy amenazado. El algarrobo es únicamente adaptado para florecer en ambientes áridos, pero aun así su alcance en la costa peruana y particularmente en la región de La Libertad ha sido reducido drásticamente por la urbanización, la expansión agrícola, y la cosecha de madera. La conservación efectiva de los bosques secos sobrevivientes de La Libertad requerirá iniciativas basadas en conocimiento de la interacción de las comunidades cercanas con el algarrobo y su entendimiento de la importancia de dichos árboles. Esta investigación estudia cómo integrantes de distintas comunidades en el pueblo de San Pedro de Lloc o cerca de este, en la región de La Libertad, conocen, usan, y valoran al algarrobo en tres bosques secos locales. Los métodos de investigación incluyen entrevistas con habitantes de la comunidad y depositarios claves, además de visitas a los bosques. Nuestros resultados indican que los principales usos actuales del algarrobo incluyen el común empleo doméstico de la leña, la producción del carbón para fines comerciales y dependencia a los bosques secos del algarrobo como alimento para ganados. Personas entrevistadas también valoran a los algarrobos por su papel ecológico en la producción del oxígeno, la prevención de intrusión de dunas de arena a sus comunidades y como patrimonio cultural. Basadas en los resultados de esta investigación, nombramos algunas sugerencias concretas respecto a cómo el conocimiento y uso de los bosques secos por parte de la comunidad pueden ser usados para apoyar la conservación de este ecosistema único y tan amenazado
Uso y conocimiento comunitario del algarrobo (Prosopis pallida) e implicaciones para la conservación del bosque seco peruano
El algarrobo (Prosopis pallida Kunth) es la especie clave del bosque seco norteño de Perú, un ecosistema forestal muy amenazado. El algarrobo es únicamente adaptado para florecer en ambientes áridos, pero aun así su alcance en la costa peruana y particularmente en la región de La Libertad ha sido reducido drásticamente por la urbanización, la expansión agrícola, y la cosecha de madera. La conservación efectiva de los bosques secos sobrevivientes de La Libertad requerirá iniciativas basadas en conocimiento de la interacción de las comunidades cercanas con el algarrobo y su entendimiento de la importancia de dichos árboles. Esta investigación estudia cómo integrantes de distintas comunidades en el pueblo de San Pedro de Lloc o cerca de este, en la región de La Libertad, conocen, usan, y valoran al algarrobo en tres bosques secos locales. Los métodos de investigación incluyen entrevistas con habitantes de la comunidad y depositarios claves, además de visitas a los bosques. Nuestros resultados indican que los principales usos actuales del algarrobo incluyen el común empleo doméstico de la leña, la producción del carbón para fines comerciales y dependencia a los bosques secos del algarrobo como alimento para ganados. Personas entrevistadas también valoran a los algarrobos por su papel ecológico en la producción del oxígeno, la prevención de intrusión de dunas de arena a sus comunidades y como patrimonio cultural. Basadas en los resultados de esta investigación, nombramos algunas sugerencias concretas respecto a cómo el conocimiento y uso de los bosques secos por parte de la comunidad pueden ser usados para apoyar la conservación de este ecosistema único y tan amenazado
