Phase I metabolites of ZEN annotated from roots and leaves analysis and their qualitative abundance (i.e. N.D: not detected, +: detected with low relative abundance; ++: detected with high relative abundance).

<p>Phase I metabolites of ZEN annotated from roots and leaves analysis and their qualitative abundance (i.e. N.D: not detected, +: detected with low relative abundance; ++: detected with high relative abundance).</p

Main possible phase I metabolites of zearalenone according to Site of Metabolism (SOM) prediction.

<p>Main possible phase I metabolites of zearalenone according to Site of Metabolism (SOM) prediction.</p

Phase II metabolites of ZEN annotated from roots and leaves analysis and their qualitative abundance.

<p>(i.e. N.D: not detected, +: detected with low relative abundance; ++: detected with high relative abundance).</p

Main known phase I and phase II metabolites of ZEN.

<p>Main known phase I and phase II metabolites of ZEN.</p

Identification steps used for the putative assignement of ZEN-MalGlc.

<p>UHPLC-Q-Exactive full scan (A) extracted ion chromatogram (resolving power 70,000 FWHM, extraction window 5 ppm) and (B) molecular formula assigment of parent ion. Theoretical and experimental isotopic pattern (C) and (D) high resolution fragmentation pathways, obtained by using DDA acquisition, of ZEL-MalGlc.</p

Absorption of ZEN from the growing medium (initial amount: 100 μg).

<p>Data are given in terms of residual ZEN% in the medium (n = 4). A) Leaves; B) roots. Statistical significance was performed by non prametric Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). Different letters indicate significant differences at different time points within the same cultivar. Differences at the same time point between the two cultivars were indicated by an asterisk (*: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.005).</p

Compounds found to significantly differ in terms of area in durum wheat root and leaf cultures (Kruskal-Wallis test, α = 0.05).

<p>Compounds found to significantly differ in terms of area in durum wheat root and leaf cultures (Kruskal-Wallis test, α = 0.05).</p

Phylogenesis of <i>RGAs</i> from <i>Malus</i> species (wild and domesticated apple), <i>Pyrus communis</i>, <i>Prunus</i> species, <i>Fragaria ananassa</i>, <i>Rubus idaeus</i>, and <i>Rosa</i> species.

<p>Phylogenetic analysis of the NBS domain was carried out by the neighbor-joining method <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083844#pone.0083844-Felsenstein1" target="_blank">[65]</a> using <i>RGA</i> sequences of domesticated and wild <i>Malus</i> species (green), <i>Pyrus</i> spp. (yellow), <i>Prunus</i> spp. (purple), <i>Fragaria</i> spp. (red), <i>Rosa</i> spp. (orange), and <i>Rubus</i> spp. (blue). Proteins present in contiguous positions of the tree are merged (collapsed branches are indicated by the + sign). Phylogentec tree indicates 49, three and one clades specific to <i>Malus</i> spp., <i>Fragaria</i> spp. and <i>Rosa</i> spp., respectively. Clades with <i>RGAs</i> of different genera: three clades of <i>Malus</i> spp. and <i>Prunus</i> spp.; seven clades of <i>Malus</i> spp. and <i>Pyrus</i> spp.; two clades of <i>Malus</i> spp. and <i>Rubus</i> spp.; four clades of <i>Malus</i> spp. and <i>Rosa</i> spp.; two clades of <i>Fragaria</i> spp. and <i>Rosa</i> spp.; two clades of <i>Malus</i> spp., <i>Rosa</i> spp., and <i>Rubus</i> spp.; three clades of <i>Malus</i> spp., <i>Pyrus</i> spp., and <i>Rosa</i> spp.; three clades of <i>Malus</i> spp., <i>Prunus</i> spp., and <i>Rubus</i> spp.; four clades of <i>Malus</i> spp., <i>Prunus</i> spp., <i>Rosa</i> spp., and <i>Rubus</i> spp.; three caldes of <i>Malus</i> spp., <i>Prunus</i> spp., <i>Pyrus</i> spp., <i>Rosa</i> spp., and <i>Rubus</i> spp.; two clades of <i>Malus</i> spp., <i>Fragaria</i> spp., <i>Prunus</i> spp., <i>Rosa</i> spp., and <i>Rubus</i> spp., one clade of <i>Malus</i> spp., <i>Fragaria</i> spp., <i>Pyrus</i> spp., <i>Rosa</i> spp., and <i>Rubus</i> spp.</p

Phylogenesis of <i>RGAs</i> from <i>Malus</i> species (wild and domesticated apple), <i>Populus trichocarpa</i> and <i>Vitis vinifera</i>.

<p>Phylogenetic analysis of the NBS domain was carried out by the neighbor-joining method <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083844#pone.0083844-Felsenstein1" target="_blank">[65]</a> using <i>RGA</i> sequences of domesticated and wild <i>Malus</i> species (green), <i>P. trichocarpa</i> (cyan), and <i>V. vinifera</i> (purple). Proteins present in contiguous positions on the tree and belonging to the same species are merged (collapsed branches are indicated by the + sign). Two phylogenetic clades comprise only sequences of <i>M. domestica</i> (Md1 and Md2).</p

Classification and organization of resistance gene analogues (<i>RGAs</i>) with a nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain in different plant genomes.

a<p>NBS-LRR class includes: NBS-LRR (NL) and CC-NBS-LRR (CNL). Percentage (%) of this class relative to the total number of <i>RGAs</i>is reported in brackets.</p>b<p>TIR-NBS class includes: TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL), NBS-LRR-TIR (NLT), TIR-CC-NBS-LRR (TCNL), TIR-CC-NBS (TCN), and TIR-NBS (TN). Percentage (%) of this class relative to the total number of <i>RGAs</i>is reported in brackets.</p>c<p>Class of other <i>RGAs</i> includes: NBS (N) and CC-NBS (CN). Percentage (%) of this class relative to the total number of <i>RGAs</i>is reported in brackets.</p><p>nd: not declared by the authors.</p