Flow diagram of exclusions and follow-up of participants from the SABRE study, UK.

<p>Flow diagram of exclusions and follow-up of participants from the SABRE study, UK.</p

Baseline characteristics by number of health behaviours of 1,090 Europeans and 1,006 South Asians aged 40–69 (without prevalent cardiovascular disease) at baseline (1988–1990); the SABRE study, UK.

<p>Values are shown as means (SD) for normally distributed continuous variables, medians (IQR) for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and numbers (percentages) for categorical variables.</p><p>* P value for difference using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, or χ2, as appropriate.</p><p>Baseline characteristics by number of health behaviours of 1,090 Europeans and 1,006 South Asians aged 40–69 (without prevalent cardiovascular disease) at baseline (1988–1990); the SABRE study, UK.</p

Hazard ratios (95%CI) of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) by individual health behaviors in Europeans and South Asians (without prevalent cardiovascular disease) using multivariable Cox regression models; the SABRE study, UK.

<p>Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, BMI (kg/m²), diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), systolic blood pressure (mmHg), hypertension treatment (0 = no, 1 = yes), total cholesterol (mmHg), HDL cholesterol (mmHg), social class (1 = non-manual, 2 = manual), employment (0 = no, 1 = yes), OPA (MJ/week, quartiles) and mutually adjusted for the other health behaviours.</p><p>* women: 14 units/week, men 21 units/week.</p><p>Hazard ratios (95%CI) of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) by individual health behaviors in Europeans and South Asians (without prevalent cardiovascular disease) using multivariable Cox regression models; the SABRE study, UK.</p

Distribution of four individual health behaviours by ethnicity; the SABRE study, UK.

<p>Distribution of four individual health behaviours by ethnicity; the SABRE study, UK.</p

COVID-19: How has a global pandemic changed manual therapy technique education in chiropractic programs around the world?

Background: Manual therapy is a cornerstone of chiropractic education, whereby students work towards a level of skill and expertise that is regarded as competent to work within the field of chiropractic. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, chiropractic programs in every region around the world had to make rapid changes to the delivery of manual therapy technique education, however what those changes looked like was unknown. Aims: The aims of this study were to describe the immediate actions made by chiropractic programs to deliver education for manual therapy techniques and to summarise the experience of academics who teach manual therapy techniques during the initial outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach was used to describe the immediate actions made by chiropractic programs to deliver manual therapy technique education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chiropractic programs were identified from the webpages of the Councils on Chiropractic Education International and the Council on Chiropractic Education – USA. Between May and June 2020, a convenience sample of academics who lead or teach in manual therapy technique in those programs were invited via email to participate in an online survey with open-ended questions. Responses were entered into the NVivo software program and analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis by a qualitative researcher independent to the data collection