Efeito dos modos de transferência e da composição de gás de protecção na emissão de partículas ultrafinas na soldadura MAG de aços

The present study aims to characterize ultrafine particles emitted during gas metal arc welding of mild steel and stainless steel, using different shielding gas mixtures, and to evaluate the effect of metal transfer modes, controlled by both processing parameters and shielding gas composition, on the quantity and morphology of the ultrafine particles. It was found that the amount of emitted ultrafine particles (measured by particle number and alveolar deposited surface area) are clearly dependent from the main welding parameters, namely the current intensity and the heat input of the Welding process. The emission of airborne ultrafine particles increases with the current intensity as fume formation rate does. When comparing the shielding gas mixtures, higher emissions were observed for more oxidizing mixtures, that is, with higher CO2 content, which means that these mixtures originate higher concentrations of ultrafine particles (as measured by number of particles. by cubic centimeter of air) and higher values of alveolar deposited surface area of particles, thus resulting in a more hazardous condition regarding welders exposure

Degradabilidade no rúmen bovino de grãos de milho processados de diferentes formas

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of different forms of processing corn on ruminal degradability of dry matter, starch and crude protein. Twelve non-lactant and non-pregnant canulated cows (647 kg) were used. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments: cracked (1.6 mm), grinding (0.8 mm) and steam-flaked (8.25 mm; 270 g/L) corn, with 4 experimental units/treatment. Bags containing corn in different processing forms were incubated in animals for 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. An improvement on effective dry matter and starch degradability by the steam-flaked compared to grinding and cracked corn was observed. However, a decrease in crude protein degradability for steam-flaked compared to grinding corn was also observed.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de formas de processamento de milho na degradabilidade da matéria seca, amido e proteína em rúmen de bovinos. Foram utilizadas 12 fêmeas bovinas mestiças, não gestantes e não lactantes, portadoras de cânulas ruminais e com peso médio de 647 kg. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos: quebra (1,6 mm), moagem fina (0,8 mm) e floculação (8,25 mm; 270 g/L) dos grãos de milho, com 4 repetições por tratamento. Os sacos de náilon contendo milho nos diferentes processamentos foram incubados nos animais durante 0, 1,5, 3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas. Foi observado aumento na degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca e do amido do milho pela floculação, em relação à moagem fina e à quebra. Contudo, a degradabilidade efetiva da proteína do milho foi diminuída pela floculação, em relação à moagem fina

Evaluation of relative biological efficiency of additives in sugarcane ensiling

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding alkalis on the fermentative pattern, aerobic stability and nutritive value of the sugarcane silage. A completely randomized design with 6 additives in two concentrations (1 or 2%), plus a control group, totalizing 13 treatments [(6x2)+1] with four replications, was used. The additives were sodium hydroxide (NaOH), limestone (CaCO3), urea (CO(NH2)(2)), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), quicklime (CaO) and hydrated lime (Ca(OH)(2)). The material was ensiled in 52 laboratory silos using plastic buckets with 12 L of capacity. Silos were opened 60 days after ensiling, when organic acids concentration, aerobic stability and chemical composition were determined. The Relative Biological Efficiency (RBE) was calculated by the slope ratio method, using the data obtained from ratio between desirable and undesirable silage products, according to the equation: D/U ratio = [lactic/(ethanol + acetic + butyric)]. All additives affected dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber contents and buffering capacity. Except for urea and quicklime, all additives increased the in vitro dry matter digestibility. In general, these additives altered the fermentative pattern of sugarcane silage, inhibiting alcoholic fermentation and improving lactic acid production. The additive that showed the best RBE in relation to sodium hydroxide (100%) was limestone (89.4%). The RBE values of urea, sodium bicarbonate and hydrated lime were 49.2%, 47.7% and 34.3%, respectively

Effects of microbial inoculants and amino acid production by-product on fermentation and chemical composition of sugarcane silages

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation patterns and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages with addition of amino acid production (monosodium glutamate) by-product (APB) and microbial inoculants. Mature sugarcane was chopped and ensiled in laboratory silos (n = 4/treatment) without additives (control) and with APB (10 g/kg), Pioneer 1174® (PIO, 1.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus plantarum + Streptoccoccus faecium, Pioneer), Lalsil Cana (2.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus buchineri, Lallemand) or Mercosil Maís 11C33® (1.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus buchineri + Lactobacillus plantarum + Streptoccoccus faecium, Timac Agro). Fresh silage and silage liquor samples were obtained to assess pH, chemical composition and organic acid concentrations. Silage temperature was recorded throughout seven days to evaluate aerobic stability. The addition of APB decreased lactic acid levels, increased pH and N-NH3 and did not alter ethanol, acetic and butyric acids concentrations or dry matter (DM) losses. Microbial inoculants enhanced acetic acid levels, although only Pioneer 1174® and Mercosil Maís 11C33® lowered ethanol, butyric acid and DM losses. The addition of APB increased CP content and did not modify DM, soluble carbohydrates contents or in vitro dry matter digestibility. Additives did not alter silage maximum temperature or temperature increasing rate; however, Pioneer 1174® and Mercosil Maís 11C33® increased the time elapsed to reach maximum temperature. Monosodium glutamate production by-product does not alter fermentation patterns or aerobic stability of sugarcane silages, whereas homofermentative bacteria can provide silages of good quality