Maternal -Child Health Needs Assessment in Haiti

Abstract Maternal and neonatal mortality i

Les terres agricoles face à l’urbanisation

La perte de terres agricoles liées à l’urbanisation constitue l’une des facettes de la consommation des terres. Commencé dans les années 1970, ce phénomène — essentiellement dû à l’étalement urbain — prend des proportions jusque-là inégalées. Les conséquences de ces processus d’artificialisation sont multiples et portent à la fois sur la production et sur la sécurité alimentaire ainsi que sur la perte de biodiversité. Ces processus interrogent aussi les formes de solidarité territoriale entre les villes et les espaces péri-urbains et ruraux. Issu d’une collaboration scientifique lancée au début des années 2010 entre l’Université de technologie de Sydney (University of Technology Sydney, UTS) et l’Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l’environnement et l’agriculture (Irstea), cet ouvrage aborde des points clés de la problématique de la consommation des terres en se focalisant sur les terres agricoles en France et en Australie. Plutôt que d’offrir une analyse comparative approfondie de la planification des terres agricoles périurbaines entre les deux pays, il propose une exploration des « boîtes à outils » de l’ingénierie territoriale développées et mobilisées pour faire face à l’enjeu de la perte de terres agricoles liée à l’urbanisation. Il offre également un « arrêt sur image » dans un panorama de champs de recherche en pleine évolution, autant du point de vue théorique que méthodologique

Incipient mantle delamination, active tectonics and crustal thickening in Northern Morocco: Insights from gravity data and numerical modeling

International audienceThe Betic-Rif orocline surrounding the Alboran Sea, the westernmost tip of the Mediterranean Sea, accommodates the NW–SE convergence between the Nubia and Eurasia plates. Recent GPS observations indicate a ∼4 mm/yr SW motion of the Rif Mountains, relative to stable Nubia, incompatible with a simple two-plate model. New gravity data acquired in this study define a pronounced negative Bouguer anomaly south of the Rif, interpreted as a ∼40 km-thick crust in a state of non-isostatic equilibrium. We study the correlation between these present-day kinematic and geodynamic processes using a finite-element code to model in 2-D the first-order behavior of a lithosphere affected by a downward normal traction (representing the pull of a high-density body in the upper mantle). We show that intermediate viscosities for the lower crust and uppermost mantle (View the MathML source1021–1022Pas) allow an efficient coupling between the mantle and the base of the brittle crust, thus enabling (1) the conversion of vertical movement, resulting from the downward traction, to horizontal movement and (2) shortening in the brittle upper crust. Our results show that incipient delamination of the Nubian continental lithosphere, linked to slab pull, can explain the present-day abnormal tectonics, contribute to the gravity anomaly observed in northern Morocco, and give insight into recent tectonics in the Western Mediterranean region

Diagnóstico del sistema de información contable en instituciones bancarias desde la perspectiva medioambiental por medio de la teoría de las restricciones

En Cuba las Instituciones Financieras constituyen uno de los principales catalizadores de desarrollo del país, las cuales no se encuentran exentas a la realidad internacional relacionada con el progresivo deterioro de las condiciones medioambientales, y se han visto en la necesidad de incorporar la dimensión ambiental en sus diferentes procesos, incluido el contable. La investigación que se presenta tiene como objetivo fundamental diagnosticar el sistema de información contable en la Dirección Provincial del Banco de Crédito y Comercio de Guantánamo desde la perspectiva medioambiental para el fortalecimiento del sistema de información; para ello, se aplicaron un conjunto de técnicas que permitieron identificar las principales insuficiencias que prevalen en el proceso contable de la institución bancaria desde la perspectiva medioambiental y el nivel de conocimientos sobre la temática

Maternal - Child Health Needs Assessment in Haiti

Maternal and neonatal mortality in Haiti are among the highest in the world. This study investigated maternal-child health needs in Haiti, using a mixed method approach including qualitative and quantitative data collection. Participants (n=119) comprised of 39 healthcare workers and 80 Haitian women. The focus group centered around three major themes: difficult access to healthcare; health issues affecting mothers-child; and healthcare workers training. The interviews revealed that 60% of the deliveries happened at home, 52.5% of them were assisted by a lay birth attendant, 42% of the women gave their newborn a drink other than breast milk within the first week of birth, 70% of the women had not been, or did not know, if they had been tested for HIV, 92% did not use condoms during sexual encounters, and 47.5% justified violence against themselves from their partner. Considering the dearth of research concerning maternal-child health in Haiti that incorporates the opinions of healthcare workers and Haitian women, identifying their needs is essential to developing programs, such as the following that contribute to improving their health: nurse-midwife programs, training for lay birth attendants, obstetric-pediatric training, breastfeeding training, and programs to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV

Diagnóstico del sistema de información contable en instituciones bancarias desde la perspectiva medioambiental por medio de la teoría de las restricciones

En Cuba las Instituciones Financieras constituyen uno de los principales catalizadores de desarrollo del país, las cuales no se encuentran exentas a la realidad internacional relacionada con el progresivo deterioro de las condiciones medioambientales, y se han visto en la necesidad de incorporar la dimensión ambiental en sus diferentes procesos, incluido el contable. La investigación que se presenta tiene como objetivo fundamental diagnosticar el sistema de información contable en la Dirección Provincial del Banco de Crédito y Comercio de Guantánamo desde la perspectiva medioambiental para el fortalecimiento del sistema de información; para ello, se aplicaron un conjunto de técnicas que permitieron identificar las principales insuficiencias que prevalen en el proceso contable de la institución bancaria desde la perspectiva medioambiental y el nivel de conocimientos sobre la temática

Depression, Sleep Health & Sociodemographic Correlates in a Nationwide Survey: Implications for Depression Treatment During the COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on mental health worldwide, with depression and sleep problems among the most common issues experienced by many individuals. Depression can lead to sleep problems, which can increase the risk of developing depressive symptoms. However, it is unclear which United States (US) sub-population was most affected by depression and sleep problems during the pandemic. We conducted a secondary analysis using self-reported data from the 2021 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), focusing on adults aged 18 years and above (n=29,763). We utilized self-reported responses to questions about prescription medication and frequency of depressive feelings to determine participants' depression status. Appropriate weights were applied to account for the sampling design of the surveys. Our analysis involved descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests to compare sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and sleep-related characteristics between US adults with and without depression. Additionally, logistic regression was used to examine the associations between sleep duration, sleep quality and depression. The overall prevalence of depression in our sample was 44.4%. It were higher in certain demographic groups, including younger adults (18-39 years, 47.7%), non-Hispanic whites (47.9%), females (50.1%), those at the lower income bracket (52.2%), those with no college or degree (48.7%) uninsured individuals (45.2%), and those reporting poor general health (71.9%). Individuals with depression had a 12% increased odds of experiencing short sleep (aOR: 1.12, 95% CI:1.04-1.20, p<0.001), 34% increased odds of experiencing long sleep (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.20-1.50, p < 0.001) and more than 2.5 fold increased odds of reporting poor sleep quality (aOR:2.57, 95% CI: 2.40-2.78; p<0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, all variables (sex, race/ethnicity, education, health insurance coverage, marital status, general health status and use of sleep medications, smoking and alcohol use status) were significantly predictors of poor sleep quality, with the exceptions of age and family income. The findings emphasize the need to address sleep health in treating depression, especially during times of public health crises

Susceptibility of wild and colonized Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium vivax infection

Abstract Background As much as 80% of global Plasmodium vivax infections occur in South Asia and there is a shortage of direct studies on infectivity of P. vivax in Anopheles stephensi, the most common urban mosquito carrying human malaria. In this quest, the possible effects of laboratory colonization of mosquitoes on infectivity and development of P. vivax is of interest given that colonized mosquitoes can be genetically less divergent than the field population from which they originated. Methods Patient-derived P. vivax infected blood was fed to age-matched wild and colonized An. stephensi. Such a comparison requires coordinated availability of same-age wild and colonized mosquito populations. Here, P. vivax infection are studied in colonized An. stephensi in their 66th–86th generation and fresh field-caught An. stephensi. Wild mosquitoes were caught as larvae and pupae and allowed to develop into adult mosquitoes in the insectary. Parasite development to oocyst and sporozoite stages were assessed on days 7/8 and 12/13, respectively. Results While there were batch to batch variations in infectivity of individual patient-derived P. vivax samples, both wild and colonized An. stephensi were roughly equally susceptible to oocyst stage Plasmodium infection. At the level of sporozoite development, significantly more mosquitoes with sporozoite load of 4+ were seen in wild than in colonized populations. Conclusions Overall at the level of oocyst development, significant difference was found between the colonized and wild Anopheles stephensi in their susceptibility to P. vivax. For initial understanding of infections with local strains of P. vivax, colonized Anopheles stephensi will serve as a good model. For experiments, where high number of sporozoites are necessary, wild mosquitoes provide distinct advantage over the colonized vector populations. Understanding the molecular mechanism modulating this variability between these two populations will be prime area of focus in future studies