Assessing six decades of rabies in the Philippines

Despite initiatives to address the disease, rabies remains a public health threat in the Philippines. To determine the trend of rabies infections in the country and provide possible interventions to reduce or eliminate deaths of the affected, we evaluated rabies morbidity and mortality statistics over sixty years. Over the last six decades, rabies mortality rates in the Philippines have steadily decreased. The Philippines' rabies sex-specific mortality rate trend from 1960 to 2019 showed that males account for higher rabies mortality than females. People aged 70 and up have the highest mortality rate, while children under the age of 1 have the lowest. The region with the highest mortality rate in the Philippines is region II (Cagayan Valley), with 39.5. The region with the highest morbidity rate is XI (Davao region), with 148.7. The correlation value was 0.197, indicating a weak correlation between regional morbidity and mortality rates in the Philippines over the years. Hence, those who have contracted rabies are less likely to die over time. Comprehensive control measures by both the national and local government units should be strengthened to eliminate rabies in the Philippines within the next few years

Heart disease mortality in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019: a big data analysis

Heart diseases remain one of the major health concerns worldwide, inflicting a tremendous financial burden, especially in low to middle-income countries like the Philippines. An exhaustive time-trend analysis, including recent data, is essential to measure the nation's progress in cardiac health, capturing the effect of national-scale changes over time. Thus, using stored data from the Philippine health statistics, this study analyzed trends and profiles of heart disease mortality in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019 and discussed relevant national policies for greater recognition and awareness. Ischaemic heart disease constituted the most significant proportion of mortality among all types. Steadily increasing trends by cause, gender, age group were observed, and with males and the elderly population having higher rates. Regional differences also existed, having the highest rates in Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao respectively. Like global patterns, heart disease remained one of the country's leading causes of mortality over decades. Differences between genderes, age groups, and regions are attributed to complex and interrelated factors making males, the elderly, and highly urbanized areas most vulnerable among the population

An epidemiology study for tuberculosis in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019

Tuberculosis has long been a public health threat in the Philippines, however, there is still no recent trend study for this country’s morbidity and deaths from the said infectious disease. With that, an age-, sex-, and region-specific morbidity and mortality trend study for tuberculosis in the Philippines was conducted for these types of studies significantly help in the surveillance and control of diseases. Data from the Philippine Health Statistics from 1960 to 2019 was mined to assess the morbidity and mortality rates from tuberculosis in terms of age, sex, and regions, which were then visualized through graphs. The results revealed that the mortality rate trend for tuberculosis in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019 declined over time. Also, as for the sex-specific mortality rate trend, it was observed that males consistently had a higher death rate in comparison to females through the years. As for the age-specific mortality rates, it increased with age, showing the direct proportionality of age to the rate of deaths. Lastly, for the region-specific morbidity and mortality rates, it was observed that Region V (Bicol Region) has the highest morbidity rate. On the other hand, Region VI (Western Visayas) has the highest mortality rate from tuberculosis

Mortality trend analysis of schistosomiasis in the Philippines from 1960-2019

Despite the different reviews and publications about schistosomiasis disease, it remains an economic and public health problem in the Philippines. Thereby, this study examined the trends of schistosomiasis mortality in the Philippines over 60 years concerning sex, age, and region-specific, using the data from the Philippine Health Statistics. Results show that national mortality rates have decreased from 1960-2019. The trend in schistosomiasis sex-specific mortality rates showed that men had a greater schistosomiasis- related death rate than women. For the age-specific mortality rate, children under the age of 1 have the lowest death rate compared with people over 70 having the highest death rate. For the region-specific mortality, Region VIII (Eastern Visayas) has the highest mortality rate with a value of 4, and Region XI (Davao) has the highest morbidity rate with a value of 53. To fully eradicate schistosomiasis in the succeeding years, an extensive transmission control measure and awareness education program must be implemented locally and nationally

Proagonaler Euergetismus. Privates "Sport-Sponsoring" nach römischen Rechtsquellen

Darstellung lebzeitiger Zweckzuwendungen privater Stifter mittels pollicitatio zur Veranstaltung von Wettkämpfen anhand von Dig. 50,12,10

The Rise of Money and Class Society: The Contributions of John F. Henry

This paper explores the rise of money and class society in ancient Greece, drawing historical and theoretical parallels to the case of ancient Egypt. In doing so, the paper examines the historical applicability of the chartalist and metallist theories of money. It will be shown that the origins and the evolution of money were closely intertwined with the rise and consolidation of class society and inequality. Money, class society, and inequality came into being simultaneously, so it seems, mutually reinforcing the development of one another. Rather than a medium of exchange in commerce, money emerged as an "egalitarian token" at the time when the substance of social relations was undergoing a fundamental transformation from egalitarian to class societies. In this context, money served to preserve the façade of social and economic harmony and equality, while inequality was growing and solidifying. Rather than "invented" by private traders, money was first issued by ancient Greek states and proto-states as they aimed to establish and consolidate their political and economic power. Rather than a medium of exchange in commerce, money first served as a "means of recompense" administered by the Greek city-states as they strived to implement the civic conception of social justice. While the origins of money are to be found in the origins of inequality, a well-functioning democratic society has the power to subvert the inequality-inducing characteristic of money via the use of money for public purpose, following the principles of Modern Money Theory (MMT). When used according to the principles of MMT, the inequality-inducing characteristic of money could be undermined, while the current trends in rising income and wealth disparities could be contained and reversed