Returns to education in West Germany: an empirical assessment

This paper analyses the developments in the returns to education in West Germany for the period from 1984 to 1997. Based on simple Mincer-type wage equations, we estimate a return of about 8% for men and 10% for women, and these returns have remained remarkably stable over the period. On the basis of more differentiated specifications of wage equations, we find evidence for the presence of cohort effects, in addition to time and lifecycle effects. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the choice of the sample of observation plays a crucial role. Indeed, huge differences exist between part-timers and full-timers, as well as between private and public sectors. Full-time working women have similar returns to schooling than men, and if female returns are declining and have become lower than male returns in the private sector, they are rather increasing and are higher than male ones in the public sector. Moreover, not all education degrees yield the same annual return. If one accounts for the different lengths of studies, the master craftsman degree yields the highest return. However, the estimates proved rather robust towards the specification of the wage equation and the estimation method. --

Returns to Education in West Germany : An Empirical Assessment

This paper analyses the developments in the returns to education in West Germany for the period from 1984 to 1997. Based on simple Mincer-type wage equations, we estimate a return of about 8% for men and 10% for women, and these returns have remained remarkably stable over the period. On the basis of more differentiated specifications of wage equations, we find evidence for the presence of cohort effects, in addition to time and lifecycle effects. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the choice of the sample of observation plays a crucial role. Indeed, huge differences exist between part-timers and full-timers, as well as between private and public sectors. Full-time working women have similar returns to schooling than men, and if female returns are declining and have become lower than male returns in the private sector, they are rather increasing and are higher than male ones in the public sector. Moreover, not all education degrees yield the same annual return. If one accounts for the different lengths of studies, the master craftsman degree yields the highest return. However, the estimates proved rather robust towards the specification of the wage equation and the estimation method

Private Erträge von Bildungsinvestitionen in Deutschland

Wir analysieren die Entwicklung der Bildungsrenditen in Westdeutschland in der Periode von 1984 bis 1997 auf der Basis der Humankapitaltheorie mit Daten des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panels. Die Schätzergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen mit etwa 10% eine signifikant höhere durchschnittliche Bildungsrendite erzielen als Männer mit etwa 8%. Diese durchschnittlichen Renditen sind über den Beobachtungszeitraum weitgehend stabil geblieben. Die Schätzergebnisse sind relativ robust gegenüber unterschiedlichen Spezifikationen der Bildungsvariable und der Schätzmethode. Differenziertere Analysen zeigen, dass die Bildungsrenditen jüngerer Geburtskohorten insbesondere bei den Frauen deutlich gesunken sind. Wir diskutieren den Einfluss von Kohorten-, Lebenszyklus- und Kalenderzeiteffekten auf diese Entwicklung, analysieren Unterschiede in den Bildungsrenditen zwischen Vollzeit- und Teilzeitbeschäftigten sowie zwischen öffentlichem Dienst und privatem Sektor der Wirtschaft und vergleichen die für Deutschland geschätzten Bildungsrenditen mit den für die anderen Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union berechneten

Private Erträge von Bildungsinvestitionen in Deutschland

Wir analysieren die Entwicklung der Bildungsrenditen in Westdeutschland in der Periode von 1984 bis 1997 auf der Basis der Humankapitaltheorie mit Daten des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panels. Die Schätzergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen mit etwa 10% eine signifikant höhere durchschnittliche Bildungsrendite erzielen als Männer mit etwa 8%. Diese durchschnittlichen Renditen sind über den Beobachtungszeitraum weitgehend stabil geblieben. Die Schätzergebnisse sind relativ robust gegenüber unterschiedlichen Spezifikationen der Bildungsvariable und der Schätzmethode. Differenziertere Analysen zeigen, dass die Bildungsrenditen jüngerer Geburtskohorten insbesondere bei den Frauen deutlich gesunken sind. Wir diskutieren den Einfluss von Kohorten-, Lebenszyklus- und Kalenderzeiteffekten auf diese Entwicklung, analysieren Unterschiede in den Bildungsrenditen zwischen Vollzeit- und Teilzeitbeschäftigten sowie zwischen öffentlichem Dienst und privatem Sektor der Wirtschaft und vergleichen die für Deutschland geschätzten Bildungsrenditen mit den für die anderen Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union berechneten --

MECHATRONICS ASSISTED ARCHICTETURE

Abstract This article will be giving an overview about the technological structure of the futuristic home environments which are basically a combinations of smart environments, sustainable environments, communicable environments, Artificial Intelligence, in cooperation with mechatronic systems. These futuristic environments can be considered as a solution for the expected problems like energy crisis, healthcare & wellness of the human beings in their home environment. The introduction of sensors and comunication technologies can be seen as a platform or base towards the implementation of intelligent and interacting systems, such as service and maintenance robots

Sign of inverse spin Hall voltages generated by ferromagnetic resonance and temperature gradients in yttrium iron garnet|platinum bilayers

We carried out a concerted effort to determine the absolute sign of the inverse spin Hall effect voltage generated by spin currents injected into a normal metal. We focus on yttrium iron garnet (YIG)|platinum bilayers at room temperature, generating spin currents by microwaves and temperature gradients. We find consistent results for different samples and measurement setups that agree with theory. We suggest a right-hand-rule to define a positive spin Hall angle corresponding to with the voltage expected for the simple case of scattering of free electrons from repulsive Coulomb charges.Comment: incorporated additions from the published versio

Temporal evolution of auto-oscillations in a YIG/Pt microdisc driven by pulsed spin Hall effect-induced spin-transfer torque

The temporal evolution of pulsed Spin Hall Effect - Spin Transfer Torque (SHE-STT) driven auto-oscillations in a Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) / platinum (Pt) microdisc is studied experimentally using time-resolved Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the frequency of the auto-oscillations is different in the center and at the edge of the investigated disc that is related to the simultaneous STT excitation of a bullet and a non-localized spin-wave mode. Furthermore, the magnetization precession intensity is found to saturate on a time scale of 20 ns or longer, depending on the current density. For this reason, our findings suggest that a proper ratio between the current and the pulse duration is of crucial importance for future STT-based devices.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Anatomical classification of chronic total occlusions in coronary bifurcations

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total occlusions (CTO) in coronary bifurcation lesions (CBL) is undergoing substantial technical progress and standardization, paralleling the evolution of dedicated devices, tools, and techniques. A standard consensus to classify CTO-CBL might be instrumental to homogenize data collection and description of procedures for scientific and educational purposes. The Medina-CTO classification replicates the classical three digits in Medina classification for bifurcations, representing the proximal main vessel, distal main vessel, and side branch, respectively. Each digit can take a value of 1 if it concerns atherosclerosis and is anatomically stenosed, or 0 if it is not. In addition, the occluded segment(s) of the bifurcation are noted by a subscript, which describes key interventional features of the cap: t (tapered), b (blunt), or a (ambiguous). This approach results in 56 basic categories that can be grouped by means of different elements, depending on the specific needs of each study. Medina-CTO classification, consisting of adding a subscript describing the basic cap characteristics to the totally occluded segment(s) of the standard Medina triplet, might be a useful methodological tool to standardize percutaneous intervention of bifurcational CTO lesions, with interesting scientific and educational applications