153 research outputs found

    Brokers vs. Retailers: Evidence from the French Imports Industry of Fresh Produce.

    Get PDF
    There is little discussion in the literature about trade intermediaries because data is rare. Using very original data, our article sheds light on the behavior of trade intermediaries when importing fresh fruit and vegetables in France. To do so, we distinguish among direct and indirect imports respectively operated through brokers or retailers. We then investigate the impact of country level data on the share of indirect/direct flows of imports by country of origin at the 8-digit level that enter the french market. We show that brokers are more likely to operate in context when fixed and variable costs to trade are high whereas retailers are sensitive to tariffs and product sensitivity.Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade, Q17,

    Heterogeneous firms and trade costs: a reading of French access to European agro-food market

    Get PDF
    This article offers a new reading of intra-European trade based on recent developments in new international economics (Melitz, 2003; Chaney, 2008). These models take the heterogeneity of firms into account and offer a micro-economic analysis of the process of selection at work for firms entering markets. An exporting firm has to bear certain specific costs to break into a market, and only sufficiently productive firms are able to do so. Using individual data for French agro-food firms and the distribution of their exports across European markets, this article shows that access conditions to the various European markets are not identical for French firms: the Belgian market would seem to be a natural extension of the French market, whereas the markets of small, distant countries (Austria, Finland or Sweden) are the least accessible. Econometric analysis based on analysis both of the firm selection process and of the value of their exports shows that the standard geographical variables (distance, country size) affecting the single European market still play a major role in the choice of export markets. Results also reveal that there are still remaining trade costs at entry to the different European markets; but these trade frictions don’t matter to all firms in the same way. The higher the firm experience, the lower the impact of trade costs.firm heterogeneity, trade costs, European Integration., International Relations/Trade,

    Impact of Liability Rules on Modes of Coordination for Food Safety in Supply Chains

    Get PDF
    International audienceThis article analyzes how the allocation of liability for safety defects could influence coordination in the food supply chain. To do so, we analyzed the strategic reaction of importers and supermarkets who import Spanish fresh produce into France. We considered the implementation and enforcement of the European General Food Law as an exogenous shock for French food operators. In France, depending on the situation, food operators can transfer their liability to someone else in the food supply and imports decisions are crucial indicators. After 2005, supermarkets transferred the liability risk linked to importing sensitive products to importers. We argue that this regulatory change also prompted French importers of fresh produce to develop a horizontal, collective governance structure to monitor the safety of imported produc

    History matters for the export decision and the volume exported: Firm-level evidence from French agri-food firms

    Get PDF
    As a result of the rapid growth of microeconometric studies of exporting firms, we know quite a lot about the hysteresis occurring in the current decision of firms to export. Firms entering a foreign market the previous year are more likely to export the current year. This fact is traditionally interpreted as a consequence of sunk export costs at entry to the international market. These costs are for instance the knowledge of foreign markets, the search for new distribution networks, or the compliance with border crossing standards specific to a given market. The specificity of the destination market appears as being of huge importance for the firms. Papers in this field propose to test for the existence of sunk-cost hysteresis by analysing entry and exit patterns in plant-level panel data, whatever the destination market. Roberts and Tybout (1997) or Özler et al. (2009) develop and estimate a dynamic discrete-choice model of the plant’s current exporting status in Colombia or Turkey respectively. Only a few studies have accounted either for the destination of the exports or for the volume exported. Blanes-Cristobal et al. (2008) show that previous experience on a market has a positive impact on the probability of current export on this market. Das et al. (2007) consider both the decision to export and the value exported in a dynamic model. They show that entry costs on international markets (whatever the destination market) are substantial. The questions addressed by this study are: Are sunk costs a feature of the firm's export behavior (decision and volume) and do they vary across export markets? A multivariate dynamic panel model of French agribusiness firms' exports to two aggregate markets (EU and Rest of the World) is specified. The model accounts for both zero level and positively skewed exports by adopting the Cragg (1971) logarithmic Tobit model. Unobserved firm-level heterogeneity is accounted for by introducing random effects which may be correlated across export markets. The initial conditions problem is treated by assuming that a component of the unobserved firm effect is conditional on initial values and exogenous variables (Wooldridge, 2005). As a consequence the degree of structural state dependence can be estimated for each export market. Previous export experience in both markets is hypothesized to impact both the decision to export and the level of exports in each market.dynamic tobit model, French agri-food firms, exports, destination markets, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade,

    Programmes agri-environnementaux en prĂ©sence d’effets de seuil

    Get PDF
    L’objectif de ce papier est de proposer des procĂ©dures d’élaboration et de mise en Ɠuvre des programmes agri-environnementaux pour assurer leur efficacitĂ© environnementale et sociale, lorsque les processus biophysiques en jeu sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par des effets de seuils. La rĂ©gulation publique est confrontĂ©e Ă  deux problĂšmes bien distincts : d’une part, les asymĂ©tries d’information relevant classiquement de la thĂ©orie des contrats et des solutions qu’elle prĂ©conise et, d’autre part, une incertitude que partagent rĂ©gulateur et agents sur la relation entre pratiques agricoles et Ă©tat de l’environnement. Ces deux difficultĂ©s se cumulent frĂ©quemment dans les programmes agrienvironnementaux et peuvent conduire, en prĂ©sence d’effets de seuils, Ă  l’absence d’effet environnemental et au dĂ©couragement des agriculteurs. À partir d’un modĂšle micro-Ă©conomique et de l’analyse approfondie d’un exemple, cette contribution montre qu’une gestion pĂ©renne et Ă©volutive des programmes permet une capitalisation locale des compĂ©tences et un gain d’efficacitĂ©. Cette gestion vise Ă  tirer parti d’économies d’échelle et d’apprentissage tant managĂ©riales que techniques, Ă  condition de spĂ©cifier des contrats dont la rĂ©alisation contribue Ă  prĂ©ciser et Ă  quantifier des effets de seuil souvent mal connus et localement spĂ©cifiques. Dans certains cas, l’instauration par le rĂ©gulateur d’un taux minimal de contractualisation dans une zone donnĂ©e constitue une information conduisant Ă  accroĂźtre la probabilitĂ© de participation des agriculteurs.threshold effect, agri-environmental policy

    Private Requirements by European Retailers : Impact on French Exporters

    Get PDF
    Based on recent development of international economics, this paper aims to evaluate in what extent private standards impact trade, and more precisely trade of French agrifood firms. Our paper explores an original "handmade" database identifying French agri‐food firms which are certified with the International Food Standard – IFS– and/or the British Retail Consortium standard – BRC. From this dataset, one can analyse the characteristics and the export behaviour of certified firms compared to that of the non certified ones. First we look at the productivity of the firms; second, we look at export behaviour of the firms: does a certification such as BRC imply export orientation of the firm? Then we propose the stimation of Chaney’s model (2008) to test for the impact of certification on trade costs faced by certified firms to access EU markets. Our preliminary results show that certification clearly impacts French firms. In the case of BRC certification, we especially show that French certified firms significantly decrease their fixed costs to access EU markets

    Pig welfare : livestock economist point of view

    Get PDF
    Our society demands welfare, but in varied forms driven by complex and paradoxical individual behaviours. The 2001 European Union Directive requires that sows are kept in groups, and that the space per sow is increased while keeping them on fully slatted floors. However, the meat produced under these standards does not seem to be synonymous of higher technological quality, with a processing rate of 70%. In addition, the implementation of these regulations produces extra costs for the breeder, estimated between 0.57 and 1.3? centimes per kilo of carcass. Should space requirements for animals at different stages increase further, as suggested by the latest EFSA expert report, the impact could rise to 3.9 cents. An INRA study showed that only a small proportion of consumers would be willing to pay more for pig meat produced with improved welfare conditions. This raises the question of unfair competition from non-EU Member states that do not follow the same rules and produce cheaper pig meat.Le bien-ĂȘtre est une exigence de la sociĂ©tĂ©, dont l'opinion est diverse et les comportements individuels complexes et paradoxaux. Elle se traduit par une rĂ©glementation. Une directive de l'Union EuropĂ©enne de 2001 porte sur la mise en groupe des truies, sur l'augmentation de la surface par truie avec l'autorisation de conserver le caillebotis intĂ©gral. La viande produite selon ces normes ne semble pas synonyme de qualitĂ© technologique supĂ©rieure, sachant que la viande de porc est transformĂ©e Ă  70 %. Par ailleurs, l'adoption de ces rĂšgles gĂ©nĂšre des surcoĂ»ts pour l'Ă©leveur estimĂ©s entre 0,57 et 1,30 centime d'?/kg de carcasse; l'impact serait de 3,9 centimes si de plus, les surfaces dĂ©volues aux animaux aux diffĂ©rents stades devaient augmenter sensiblement, comme le suggĂšre le dernier rapport d'experts de l'EFSA. Une Ă©tude de l'INRA montre que seule une proportion restreinte de consommateurs serait prĂȘte Ă  payer plus cher un porc Ă©levĂ© dans des conditions amĂ©liorĂ©es de bien-ĂȘtre. La question de distorsion de concurrence se pose vis-Ă -vis de pays non-membres de l'Union europĂ©enne, ne respectant pas cette rĂ©glementation et produisant meilleur marchĂ©

    Nomenclature de produits et concordance dans le temps. Procédure de correction et analyses de sensibilité

    Get PDF
    Dans cet article, les auteurs prĂ©sentent un algorithme permettant un suivi des statistiques de production ou d’échange d’un produit donnĂ©, malgrĂ© les actualisations frĂ©quentes des nomenclatures officielles. L’intĂ©rĂȘt de cette procĂ©dure est dĂ©montrĂ© Ă  travers une application sur les donnĂ©es des douanes françaises sur les exportations et importations des produits agroalimentaires. Sans l’application de cette procĂ©dure, les gains aux Ă©changes liĂ©s Ă  l’introduction de nouvelles variĂ©tĂ©s peuvent ĂȘtre surestimĂ©s

    Agroalimentaire et sécurité sanitaire: de la demande des consommateurs aux conséquences pour les filiÚres alimentaires internationales

    No full text
    Ce dossier d’habilitation s’articule autour de trois chapitres rĂ©sumant mes travaux de recherche depuis mon mĂ©moire de DEA jusqu’à mon projet de ChargĂ©e de Recherche Ă  l’INRA. Ces travaux ont pour point commun un contexte mondialisĂ© des marchĂ©s alimentaires, dans lesquels les crises sanitaires ne sont plus seulement locales mais concernent rapidement de nombreux consommateurs dans diffĂ©rents pays. Le premier chapitre traite des aspects de demande pour la sĂ©curitĂ© sanitaire par les consommateurs français. Ces aspects sont traitĂ©s en deux temps, tout d’abord dans le contexte de la suite de la crise de la vache folle, puis ensuite de maniĂšre sous-jacente dans le cadre de l’évaluation de la demande des consommateurs pour un attribut particulier qui est le bien-ĂȘtre animal (BEA) ou la prise en compte des douleurs animales en Ă©levage. En effet, le BEA est un attribut largement associĂ© Ă  la sĂ©curitĂ© sanitaire pour les consommateurs. La question de la complĂ©mentaritĂ© (ou substitution) entre BEA ou gestion de la douleur, et qualitĂ© sanitaire doit donc ĂȘtre abordĂ©e et traitĂ©e pour pouvoir Ă©valuer correctement les demandes pour le BEA ou la prise en compte des douleurs animales. Le second chapitre concerne mes travaux publiĂ©s en Ă©conomie internationale sur la question de l’impact des normes sur les Ă©changes. La question de l’impact des normes publiques sur les Ă©changes n’est pas nouvelle. La question de l’impact des normes privĂ©es est en revanche trĂšs peu abordĂ©e dans la littĂ©rature. Mes travaux traitent de ces deux types de normes : les normes publiques d’abord qui, du fait de leur caractĂšre obligatoire, concernent tous les acteurs d’un pays donnĂ©; les rĂ©fĂ©rentiels privĂ©s ensuite, qui en tant qu’outils privilĂ©giĂ©s de la grande distribution impactent les acteurs dĂ©cidant d’adopter ces rĂ©fĂ©rentiels pour devenir (ou rester) fournisseurs des enseignes de la grande distribution (GD) et appartenir ainsi Ă  ce rĂ©seau particulier. Alors que dans les travaux sur les normes publiques, l’utilisation des modĂšle dit de gravitĂ© mobilisant les donnĂ©es d’échanges de produits agricoles et agroalimentaires entre les pays est pertinente, les rĂ©fĂ©rentiels privĂ©s par leur caractĂšre volontaire nĂ©cessitent de travailler sur les donnĂ©es d’entreprises agroalimentaires et de mobiliser les modĂšles rĂ©cents d’économie internationale mettant l’entreprise au cƓur de l’analyse. Enfin, Le troisiĂšme chapitre a pour objectif de mieux apprĂ©hender le rĂŽle des rĂ©fĂ©rentiels privĂ©s dans l’organisation des filiĂšres alimentaires et le commerce international, en y incluant les comportements d’autres acteurs (intermĂ©diaires, enseignes de grande distribution
) peu Ă©tudiĂ©s Ă  l’heure actuelle. Ce chapitre s’intĂ©resse donc plus largement Ă  la stratĂ©gie d’internationalisation des entreprises agroalimentaires (incluant les acquisitions ou participations financiĂšres dans d’autres entreprises). Les intermĂ©diaires de commerce qui ont un rĂŽle important dans les filiĂšres alimentaires sont particuliĂšrement Ă©tudiĂ©s, que ce soit comme cible de l’acquisition des entreprises agroalimentaires françaises ou comme acteur majeur de l’importation (ici dans le secteur des fruits et lĂ©gumes en France)
    • 

    corecore