The complexity of the first-order theory of pure equality

We will find a lower bound on the recognition complexity of the theories that are nontrivial relative to some equivalence relation (this relation may be equality), namely, each of these theories is consistent with the formula, whose sense is that there exist two non-equivalent elements. However, at first, we will obtain a lower bound on the computational complexity for the first-order theory of Boolean algebra that has only two elements. For this purpose, we will code the long-continued deterministic Turing machine computations by the relatively short-length quantified Boolean formulae; the modified Stockmeyer and Meyer method will appreciably be used for this simulation. Then, we will transform the modeling formulae of the theory of this Boolean algebra to the simulation ones of the first-order theory of the only equivalence relation in polynomial time. Since the computational complexity of these theories is not polynomial, we obtain that the class $\mathbf{P}$ is a proper subclass of $\mathbf{PSPACE}$ (Polynomial Time is a proper subset of Polynomial Space). Keywords: Computational complexity, the theory of equality, the coding of computations, simulation by means formulae, polynomial time, polynomial space, lower complexity boundComment: 40 pages, 19 references bibliograph

A correspondence between the time and space complexity

We investigate the correspondence between the time and space recognition complexity of languages; for this purpose, we will code the long-continued computations of deterministic two-tape Turing machines by the relatively short-length quantified Boolean formulae. The modified Stockmeyer and Meyer method will appreciably be used for this simulation. It will be proved using this modeling that the complexity classes $\mathbf{EXP}$ and $\mathbf{PSPACE}$ coincide; and more generally, the class $(k\!+\!1)$-fold Deterministic Exponential Time equals to the class $k$-fold Deterministic Exponential Space for each $k\geqslant1$; the space complexity of the languages of the class $\mathbf{P}$ will also be studied. Furthermore, this allows us to slightly improve the early founded lower complexity bound of decidable theories that are nontrivial relative to some equivalence relation (this relation may be equality) -- each of these theories is consistent with the formula, which asserts that there are two non-equivalent elements. Keywords: computational complexity, the coding of computations through formulae, exponential time, polynomial space, lower complexity bound of the language recognitionComment: 44 pages, 26 references bibliography; text overlap with arXiv:1907.04521 because the paper is created in the same metho

Bearing Life and Living Resistance: Women’s Health and Political Determinants in Occupied Palestine

Although Palestinian women, compared to men and even boys, are significantly less likely to directly encounter injury and death by Israeli soldiers and settlers (OCHA, 2020), women in the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt) are not spared the violence of the Israeli occupation. This thesis argues that precisely because Palestinian women proliferate political resistance by bearing children and raising families which are categorically defined as a “demographic threat” (Weiss, 2020), women are distinctly and disproportionately subject to violence by Israel’s collective punishment. First, a historical backdrop is used to explain how the Israeli occupation, underpinned by settler colonialism, has developed a complex web of control over Palestinian life, with the ultimate goal being eliminating Palestinians from the land (Woolfe, 1998). Then, secondly, three facets of Israel’s occupation are selected and identified as key political determinants of health: restriction on movement, military offenses, and deprivation of resources. Their impact on Palestinian women’s daily lives and access to health care is examined. As I discuss the multifaceted, daily, and gendered modes of violence embedded in the Israeli occupation, I weave stories of resilient Palestinian women confronting the occupation and intracommunal patriarchy. Ultimately, through contemporary health data I measure how the “homefront [has emerged] as the battlefield” (Sharoni, 1994) for Palestinian women in recent years

Theory of parabolic pulse generation in tapered fiber

We examine similarities and differences between high-power parabolic pulse generation in an active medium and in tapered fiber with decreasing normal dispersion. Using a realistic tapered fiber design, we demonstrate the possibility of parabolic pulse generation without an external pump and determine the limitations of this approach

Correlates of Same-sex Behavior Disclosure to Health Care Providers Among Black MSM in the United States: Implications for HIV Prevention

Disclosure of same-sex behavior to health care providers (HCPs) by men who have sex with men (MSM) has been argued to be an important aspect of HIV prevention. However, Black MSM are less likely to disclose compared to white MSM. This analysis of data collected in the United States from 2006–2009 identified individual and social network characteristics of Black MSM (n = 226) that are associated with disclosure that may be leveraged to increase disclosure. Over two-thirds (68.1%) of the sample had ever disclosed to HCPs. Part-time employment (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.11–0.95), bisexual identity (AOR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12–0.70), and meeting criteria for alcohol use disorders (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14–0.75) were negatively associated with disclosure. Disclosers were more likely to self-report being HIV-positive (AOR = 4.47, 95% CI = 1.54–12.98), having more frequent network socialization (AOR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.24–3.73), and having a social network where all members knew the participant had sex with men (AOR = 4.94, 95% CI = 2.06–11.86). These associations were not moderated by self-reported HIV status. Future interventions to help MSM identify social network members to safely disclose their same-sex behavior may also help disclosure of same-sex behavior to HCPs among Black MSM

Analyzing and Identifying the Factors Affecting the Global Supply Chain Competitiveness of Industrial Products

Technological progress is one of the main factors driving long-run economic growth, whether referred to some enterprises that need progress and advancement or to the national economy in general. Innovations make the production process more efficient, thereby affecting its competitive ability. Switching from an economic system that takes considerable time and labor to a technology-intensive one is what drives economic modernization. Industrial production plays a key role in shaping the competitiveness of national economy. Competitiveness index is one of the most important indicators. The purpose of this research is to analyze and identify the most significant factors affecting the global supply chain competitiveness of industrial products. The tie between them was established through the coefficient of correlation between the global manufacturing competitiveness index and the index of performance in the Russian manufacturing sector. The strongest correlation was found between the global manufacturing competitiveness index and the industrial production index, high-technology exports and RD expenditure

Passive nonlinear pulse shaping in normally dispersive fiber systems

We propose a novel approach to characterize the parabolically-shaped pulses that can be generated from more conventional pulses via nonlinear propagation in cascaded sections of commercially available normally dispersive (ND) fibers. The impact of the initial pulse chirp on the passive pulse reshaping is examined. We furthermore demonstrate that the combination of pulse pre-chirping and propagation in a single ND fiber yields a simple, passive method for generating various temporal waveforms of practical interest