Criminal Restitution: A Survey of Its Past History and An Analysis of Its Present Usefulness

In the complex structure often inappropriately designated the system of criminal justice,a there are few visible signs of consideration for the party who suffers most from criminal activity-the victim. Yet, historically, this was not always the situation, nor is it necessarily true today in countries other than the United States. Even in the United States compensation plans for victims of crime have been passed by a few state legislatures, and most state statutes on probation allow restitution by the criminal to his victim as a condition thereof. In addition, at the less visible levels of the criminal legal process, restitution is an accepted and pervasive practice, but little is known and less is written about that practice. This article is an attempt to make visible the pervasiveness of the practice of criminal restitution in the United States. In so doing, it traces the historical roots of criminal restitution to the period of community composition, and then explores the contemporary use of restitution in the present administration of criminal justice

Creating an Artificial Pancreas (Semester Unknown) IPRO 308: Creating an Artificial Pancreas IPRO 308 Project Plan Sp08

Insulin is a hormone released by pancreatic islet cells that interacts with cells to increase their permeability to glucose. Diabetes is an illness that is becoming more prevalent around the world and is linked with either abnormal insulin production, or utilization or both in the body. Diabetes may be classified into two groups: Type 1 and Type 2 In an individual with Type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic ß cells that normally produce insulin are nonexistent as they have been destroyed due to autoimmune response. In an individual with Type 2 diabetes there is tissue-wide resistance to insulin and usually some impairment of ß cells as well. Therefore, although insulin production may be present its functionality is impaired. Type 1 diabetes is typically treated with frequent extraneous insulin injections, depending on the prevailing blood glucose levels of the individual; however, in order to determine the glucose levels individuals subject themselves to periodic finger pricks throughout the day which is often uncomfortable and stressful. Mechanical devices for insulin delivery, also known as “artificial pancreases”, are currently available in the marketplace. However, these devices are not only highly invasive and painful, but also must be sanitized frequently to prevent infections. As a result, they are inconvenient and many diabetic patients choose not to use them. The goal of IPRO 308 is to develop an automated, non-invasive artificial pancreas that will be capable of determining blood glucose levels and administering an appropriate amount of insulin into the blood stream while causing minimal discomfort to the individual.Deliverable