Additional file 1: of Molecular characterization of invasive meningococcal isolates in Burkina Faso as the relative importance of serogroups X and W increases, 2008–2012

(PDF) Unrooted phylogeny of international NmW CC11 isolates. The 128 isolates from this study are identified by black squares, the Hajj-related outbreak isolate is identified by a black star, and the remaining 470 isolates are identified according to the categories defined by from Lucidarme et al. [23]. Arrows mark isolates that are not in the same category as the most closely related isolates: the Hajj-related outbreak isolate (M07149) and an “Anglo/French Hajj strain” isolate collected in France during 2014 (M14 240,446). The tree is scaled by the number of parsimonious substitutions per branch, identified by kSNP3. Branches with bootstrap support < 70% have been deleted. (PDF 33 kb

Annual incidence (cases per 100,000 persons) of suspected, probable and laboratory-confirmed meningitis, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.

<p>Annual incidence (cases per 100,000 persons) of suspected, probable and laboratory-confirmed meningitis, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.</p

Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign

<div><p>Background</p><p>Historically, <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> serogroup A (NmA) caused large meningitis epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2010, Burkina Faso became the first country to implement a national meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) campaign. We analyzed nationwide meningitis surveillance data from Burkina Faso for the 5 years following MACV introduction.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We examined Burkina Faso’s aggregate reporting and national laboratory-confirmed case-based meningitis surveillance data from 2011–2015. We calculated incidence (cases per 100,000 persons), and described reported NmA cases.</p><p>Results</p><p>In 2011–2015, Burkina Faso reported 20,389 cases of suspected meningitis. A quarter (4,503) of suspected meningitis cases with cerebrospinal fluid specimens were laboratory-confirmed as either <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> (57%), <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> (40%), or <i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i> (2%). Average adjusted annual national incidence of meningococcal meningitis was 3.8 (range: 2.0–10.2 annually) and was highest among infants aged <1 year (8.4). <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup W caused the majority (64%) of meningococcal meningitis among all age groups. Only six confirmed NmA cases were reported in 2011–2015. Five cases were in children who were too young (n = 2) or otherwise not vaccinated (n = 3) during the 2010 MACV mass vaccination campaign; one case had documented MACV receipt, representing the first documented MACV failure.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Meningococcal meningitis incidence in Burkina Faso remains relatively low following MACV introduction. However, a substantial burden remains and NmA transmission has persisted. MACV integration into routine childhood immunization programs is essential to ensure continued protection.</p></div

Aggregate and case-based meningitis surveillance data indicators, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.

<p>Aggregate and case-based meningitis surveillance data indicators, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.</p

Average adjusted annual incidence of laboratory-confirmed meningitis by pathogen and age group, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.

<p>Abbreviations: Hi, <i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i>; NmA, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup A; NmC, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup C; NmW, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup W; NmX, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup X; NmY, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup Y; Sp, <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>.</p

Adjusted annual incidence of meningococcal meningitis by serogroup, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.

<p>Abbreviations: Nm, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i>; NmA, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup A; NmC, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup C; NmW, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup W; NmX, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup X; NmY, <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup Y.</p

The meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa and meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) rollout, 2010–2016.

<p>The meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa and meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) rollout, 2010–2016.</p

Suspected, probable and laboratory-confirmed meningitis cases from case-based meningitis surveillance, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.

<p>Suspected, probable and laboratory-confirmed meningitis cases from case-based meningitis surveillance, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.</p

Reported <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup A cases, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.

<p>Reported <i>N</i>. <i>meningitidis</i> serogroup A cases, Burkina Faso, 2011–2015.</p