87 research outputs found
Dynamique des systèmes agraires : la dimension économique
Le 4e séminaire "Dynamique des systèmes agraires" qui s'est déroulé pendant l'année 1987/1988, vise à éclairer le rôle des déterminants économiques et les mécanismes de fonctionnement d'ensemble de la dynamique des systèmes agraires. Les auteurs, économistes et géographes, appuient leurs réflexions sur des études de cas qui ont pour cadre, l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Madagascar et le Mexique
Antiferroquadrupolar Order in the Magnetic Semiconductor TmTe
The physical properties of the antiferroquadrupolar state occurring in TmTe
below TQ=1.8 K have been studied using neutron diffraction in applied magnetic
fields. A field-induced antiferromagnetic component k = (1/2,1/2,1/2) is
observed and, from its magnitude and direction for different orientations of H,
an O(2,2) quadrupole order parameter is inferred. Measurements below TN ~= 0.5
K reveal that the magnetic structure is canted, in agreement with theoretical
predictions for in-plane antiferromagnetism. Complex domain repopulation
effects occur when the field is increased in the ordered phases, with
discontinuities in the superstructure peak intensities above 4 T.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, Presented at the International Conference on
Strongly Correlated Electrons with Orbital Degrees of Freedom (ORBITAL 2001),
September 11-14, 2001 (Sendai, JAPAN). To appear in: Journal of the Physical
Society of Japan (2002
Intermediate Valence Model for the Colossal Magnetoresistance in Tl_{2}Mn_{2}O_{7}
The colossal magnetoresistance exhibited by Tl_{2}Mn_{2}O_{7} is an
interesting phenomenon, as it is very similar to that found in perovskite
manganese oxides although the compound differs both in its crystalline
structure and electronic properties from the manganites. At the same time,
other pyrochlore compounds, though sharing the same structure with
Tl_{2}Mn_{2}O_{7}, do not exhibit the strong coupling between magnetism and
transport properties found in this material. Mostly due to the absence of
evidence for significant doping into the Mn-O sublattice, and the tendency of
Tl to form conduction bands, the traditional double exchange mechanism
mentioned in connection with manganites does not seem suitable to explain the
experimental results in this case. We propose a model for Tl_{2}Mn_{2}O_{7}
consisting of a lattice of intermediate valence ions fluctuating between two
magnetic configurations, representing Mn-3d orbitals, hybridized with a
conduction band, which we associate with Tl. This model had been proposed
originally for the analysis of intermediate valence Tm compounds. With a
simplified treatment of the model we obtain the electronic structure and
transport properties of Tl_{2}Mn_{2}O_{7}, with good qualitative agreement to
experiments. The presence of a hybridization gap in the density of states seems
important to understand the reported Hall data.Comment: 8 pages + 5 postscript fig
The combination of CHK1 inhibitor with G-CSF overrides cytarabine resistance in human acute myeloid leukaemia
Cytarabine (AraC) represents the most effective single agent treatment for AML. Nevertheless, overriding AraC resistance in AML remains an unmet medical need. Here we show that the CHK1 inhibitor (CHK1i) GDC-0575 enhances AraC-mediated killing of AML cells both in vitro and in vivo, thus abrogating any potential chemoresistance mechanisms involving DNA repair. Importantly, this combination of drugs does not affect normal long-term hematopoietic stem/progenitors. Moreover, the addition of CHK1i to AraC does not generate de novo mutations and in patients' samples where AraC is mutagenic, addition of CHK1i appears to eliminate the generation of mutant clones. Finally, we observe that persistent residual leukemic cells are quiescent and can become responsive to the treatment when forced into cycle via granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration. This drug combination (AraC+CHK1i+G-CSF) will open the doors for a more efficient treatment of AML in the clinic
Osteoclasts control reactivation of dormant myeloma cells by remodelling the endosteal niche
Multiple myeloma is largely incurable, despite development of therapies that target myeloma cell-intrinsic pathways. Disease relapse is thought to originate from dormant myeloma cells, localized in specialized niches, which resist therapy and repopulate the tumour. However, little is known about the niche, and how it exerts cell-extrinsic control over myeloma cell dormancy and reactivation. In this study, we track individual myeloma cells by intravital imaging as they colonize the endosteal niche, enter a dormant state and subsequently become activated to form colonies. We demonstrate that dormancy is a reversible state that is switched ‘on’ by engagement with bone-lining cells or osteoblasts, and switched ‘off’ by osteoclasts remodelling the endosteal niche. Dormant myeloma cells are resistant to chemotherapy that targets dividing cells. The demonstration that the endosteal niche is pivotal in controlling myeloma cell dormancy highlights the potential for targeting cell-extrinsic mechanisms to overcome cell-intrinsic drug resistance and prevent disease relapse
Evidence of Two Distinct Mechanisms Driving Photoinduced Matter Motion in Thin Films Containing Azobenzene Derivatives
International audienc
Transmission of high-energy electrons through metal-semiconductor Schottky junctions
International audienceUsing the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope as an external current source with tunable energy, we investigate the transport properties of high-energy electrons injected from vacuum into the metal layer of Pt/Cu/Si Schottky junctions. When the injection energy is varied between 1 and 30 keV, the current transmitted into the semiconductor increases by several orders of magnitude and reaches values orders of magnitude larger than the current injected from vacuum. Inspecting the energy dependence of the transmitted current we identify two transport regimes. In the limit of low injection energies and thick metal films, the transport is dominated by the formation and propagation of a secondary electron distribution in the metal layer. However, when the injection energy is sufficiently large and the metal layer sufficiently thin, electrons are transmitted into the semiconductor with negligible energy loss, i.e., the metal layer becomes essentially transparent. The transmitted current is then dominated by impact ionization in the semiconductor. When the metal layer of the Schottky junction is relatively thick and the injection energy of a few keV typically, the transmitted current increases abruptly. The origin of this abrupt change is interpreted as a combined effect of a quasiballistic electron transport in the metal layer and a sudden variation of the density of states in the semiconductor substrate
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