Restricciones estequiométricas en las comunidades planctónicas de lagos patagónicos: Implicancias para la distribución y la conservación de Parabroteas sarsi

The Patagonian region, from the Andes to the steppe, includes a profuse hydrographic network 20 with deep and shallow lakes. Here, we analyze the stoichiometric constraints for the large predaceous copepod Parabroteas sarsi in fish and fishless lakes. For this purpose, we examined previous literature data on the composition of the zooplankton community in different Patagonianlakes with and without fish (introduced mainly in the XX century) and own laboratory and field experiments. The ecological stoichiometry theory predicts that consumers need to attain specific elemental ratios to achieve maximum growth, and the geometric framework of nutrition proposes that consumers may need to combine food items to fulfill nutrient requirements. We show that the predaceous copepod does not necessarily encounter prey that fulfills their stoichiometric requirements, thus growth is impaired. However, through the combination of different prey, this predator can fulfill its requirements. In the presence of fishes, food webs change towards smaller-sized zooplankton species with the loss of low C:nutrient ratio species. In this sense, we demonstrate the direct and indirect impact of fish introduction on the stoichiometric balances and the disappearance of this invertebrate predator in lacustrine food webs.La Región Patagónica, que incluye desde los Andes hasta la estepa, posee una red hidrográfica profusa, con lagos profundos y someros. En este trabajo analizamos las restricciones estequiométricas en redes tróficas con la presencia del copépodo depredador Parabroteas sarsi. Para ello, examinamos datos previos sobre la composición de la comunidad del zooplancton en lagos patagónicos con y sin peces (introducidos principalmente en el siglo XX) y experimentos propios de laboratorio y de campo. La estequiometría ecológica predice que los consumidores necesitan obtener relaciones elementales específicas para alcanzar máximas tasas de crecimiento. Por su parte, el marco geométrico de la nutrición propone que los consumidores pueden necesitar incluir diferentes ítems alimentarios para cumplir con sus requerimientos nutricionales. En este sentido, demostramos que el copépodo depredador no necesariamente encuentra presas que cumplan con sus requisitos estequiométricos, por lo que su crecimiento poblacional se ve limitado. Sin embargo, la combinación de diferentes presas le permite a este copépodo alcanzar sus requerimientos elementales. En presencia de peces, las redes alimentarias cambian hacia especies del zooplancton de menor tamaño y se pierden especies con menor relación carbono:nutrientes. En tal sentido, señalamos el impacto directo e indirecto de la introducción de peces en los balances estequiométricos y en la desaparición de este depredador invertebrado en las redes tróficas lacustres.Fil: Balseiro, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Modenutti, Beatriz Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Laspoumaderes, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Schenone, Luca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Bastidas Navarro, Marcela Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Martyniuk, Nicolás Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Efecto de la erupción del Complejo Volcánico Puyehue-Cordón Caulle en el zooplancton crustáceo de los lagos andinos

We studied the effect of volcanic ash on the crustacean zooplankton (mainly cladocerans) in the Andean North-Patagonian lakes that were affected by the eruption of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle complex. The study was carried out at three different scales: sub cellular, population and ecosystemic. Cladocerans are filter feeding organisms that cannot distinguish between food (algae less than 30 µm) and suspended ash, therefore when feeding they ingest this material. The ash affected negatively the individuals at a biochemical level, increasing the oxidative stress reacting enzymes like Glutation-S-transferase and the biomarker Acetyl cholinesterase. At the population level, we recorded a decrease in survival and fecundity, in particular, when ash concentration exceeded 8 mg/L, we observed that individuals did not reach adulthood. At the ecosystem level, we recorded a significant decrease of the intermediate trophic level (primary consumers) although producers were positively enhanced by the eruption. The absence of these primary consumers may affect upper trophic levels like fishes. Later, in the year following the eruption, we observed the resurgence of zooplankton populations suggesting a fast recovery from the initial conditions.En este trabajo analizamos el efecto de las cenizas en el zooplancton crustáceo (cladóceros en particular) de lagos andinos norpatagónicos afectados por la erupción volcánica del Complejo PuyehueCordón Caulle. Los estudios se llevaron a cabo en tres escalas diferentes, subcelular, poblacional y ecosistémica. Los cladóceros son organismos filtradores que no pueden discriminar eficientemente entre el alimento (algas de tamaño menor a 30 µm) y la presencia de cenizas, por lo cual éstas son ingeridas. Las cenizas en suspensión impactaron negativamente en los individuos a nivel bioquímico incrementando el estrés oxidativo, provocando cambios en enzimas como la Catalasa y Glutatión-S-transferasa así como en el biomarcador Acetilcolinesterasa. A nivel poblacional se registró una disminución en la supervivencia y en la fecundidad con concentraciones crecientes de cenizas. En particular con valores de concentración de cenizas superiores a los 8 mg/L se observó que los individuos no llegaban a la edad de primera reproducción. A escala ecosistémica se verifica una disminución significativa del nivel trófico intermedio de consumidores primarios a pesar del incremento del nivel de los productores. La ausencia de este nivel trófico podría redundar en cambios en niveles tróficos superiores como los peces. Por último, la recuperación de las poblaciones del zooplancton fue verificada al año subsiguiente de la erupción, lo que sugirie una restauración rápida de las condiciones originales.Fil: Balseiro, Esteban Gabriel. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Limnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Souza, María Sol. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Limnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Serra Olabuenaga, Ignacio. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Limnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Wolinski, Laura. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Limnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Bastidas Navarro, Marcela Alejandra. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Limnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Laspoumaderes, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Limnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Modenutti, Beatriz Estela. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Limnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

A common temperature dependence of nutritional demands in ectotherms

In light of ongoing climate change, it is increasingly important to know how nutritional requirements of ectotherms are affected by changing temperatures. Here, we analyse the wide thermal response of phosphorus (P) requirements via elemental gross growth efficiencies of Carbon (C) and P, and the Threshold Elemental Ratios in different aquatic invertebrate ectotherms: the freshwater model species Daphnia magna, the marine copepod Acartia tonsa, the marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, and larvae of two populations of the marine crab Carcinus maenas. We show that they all share a non-linear cubic thermal response of nutrient requirements. Phosphorus requirements decrease from low to intermediate temperatures, increase at higher temperatures and decrease again when temperature is excessive. This common thermal response of nutrient requirements is of great importance if we aim to understand or even predict how ectotherm communities will react to global warming and nutrient-driven eutrophication

How sharp is the knife? Herbivore and carnivore sensitivity to resource stoichiometric quality

While understanding feeding preferences of herbivores and carnivores is of major importance in ecology, we still know very little on the sensitivity of different functional groups to suboptimal stoichiometric resource quality. Here, we apply concepts of ecological stoichiometry to shed light on differences in the nutritional requirements of herbivores and carnivores, and to make predictions on the influence of suboptimal resource stoichiometric quality on the fitness of these different consumers to. Herbivores generally experience more variation in the quality of their resource than carnivores do, and these differences have likely shaped the extent to which coping mechanisms have evolved. Consequently, we expect 1) herbivores to maintain their stoichiometric homeostasis over a broader range of resource stoichiometry than carnivores, 2) the threshold elemental ratio (TER), i.e. the dietary carbon to nutrient ratio which maximizes fitness, of herbivores to be higher than that of carnivores, 3) a narrower and sharper knife-edge response in carnivores than herbivores and 4) asymmetric knife-edge responses indicating a higher sensitivity to the diet quality that consumers are not used to dealing with, namely nutrient limitation in carnivores and nutrient excess in herbivores. Our study poses that documenting the ranges of resource quality where consumer fitness declines in diverse organisms is a very promising avenue to increase our understanding of community composition and food web functioning

Effect of ultraviolet radiation on acetylcholinesterase activity in freshwater copepods.

ABSTRACT We analyzed the effects of UV radiation (UVR) effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in two calanoid copepods, Boeckella gibbosa and Parabroteas sarsi that inhabit Patagonian shallow lakes. We studied the effect of experimental UVR (UV-B and UV-A) exposure on AChE activity in relation to basal antioxidant capacities of both copepods. Our experiments showed that UVR can effectively depress AChE activity, although with differences between species. In both copepods AChE was affected by UV-B, whereas UV-A only affected AChE in B. gibbosa. Both copepods also differed in body elemental composition (C:N:P), photoprotecting compound content (carotenoids and mycosporine-like amino acids) and enzymatic antioxidant capacity (glutathione S-transferase [GST]). Our results suggest that when exposed to UVR, AChE activity would depend more on the antioxidant capacity (GST) and P availability for enzyme synthesis than on the photoprotective compounds

Does the stoichiometric carbon:phosphorus knife edge apply for predaceous copepods?

Recent work has indicated that stoichiometric food quality in terms of the carbon:phosphorus (C:P) ratio affects consumers whether the imbalance involves a deficit or an excess of nutrients; hence, organisms exist on a “stoichiometric knife edge”. While previous studies have focused primarily on autotroph–herbivore trophic transfer, nutritional imbalances may also affect the interactions between species at higher trophic levels. Since the foods of carnivores are normally stoichiometrically similar to the body compositions of those carnivores, they may be more severely affected than herbivores if imbalances become pronounced. We analysed the response of the predatory copepod Parabroteas sarsi to monospecific diet treatments consisting of high and low C:P prey items. These dietary treatments strongly affected the predator’s elemental composition and growth, although prey selection, excretion, egestion, and respiration rates were not affected. We suggest that, due to their low threshold elemental ratio and a narrow C:P stoichiometric knife edge, these predators are highly vulnerable to stoichiometric imbalances, whether an excess or a deficit of nutrients is involved. Our results demonstrating this high sensitivity to prey C:P ratio show that the stoichiometric knife edge may apply to not only herbivores but also higher trophic levels. Thus, predators such as P. sarsi, with a much narrower range of food quality, may also be strongly affected by fluctuations in the quality of their prey, with negative consequences for their secondary production.Fil: Laspoumaderes, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Modenutti, Beatriz Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Elser, James J.. Arizona State University; Estados UnidosFil: Balseiro, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Glacier melting and response of Daphnia oxidative stress

We analysed the antioxidant response of Daphnia commutata in an oligotrophic North-Patagonian lake (Lake Mascardi) that receives inputs of glacial clay in one extreme, which creates a plume with a consequent gradient in underwater light intensity (including ultraviolet radiation) and suspended solid material. This gradient in light intensity also affects the light:nutrient ratio and hence the C:P ratio of the food for planktonic herbivores. In the field, along a 9 km transparency gradient, we measured the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) enzymes involved in protection against UVR. Through laboratory experiments, we tested the possible role of suspended sediment particles as an additional stressor for a filter feeding zooplankter. Our results indicate that the inputs of glacial clay into the lake have antagonistic effects on Daphnia. Glacial clay was a stress mitigating factor to UVR (decrease in the antioxidant response of GST activity), but was also a source of stress that generated feeding interference, increased respiration rates and consequently increased CAT activity. This light gradient also affected the C:P ratio of food and the maximum response in GST is also modulated by food quality (C:P ratio) that limits its activity in the transparent end of the gradient.Fil: Laspoumaderes, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Souza, María Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Modenutti, Beatriz Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Balseiro, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Short term fluctuating temperature alleviates Daphnia stoichiometric constraints

Abstract In this study, we analysed how short term temperature fluctuation interacts with nutrient limitation in the vertical migrating Daphnia commutata. We hypothesize that short term (daily) temperature fluctuation will alleviate nutrient limitation. We carried out experiments analysing growth rates, phosphorus and RNA content of D. commutate grown under four different temperature regimes and two P-limited conditions. Our experiments showed that individuals grown under fluctuating temperature grew more than at the mean temperature. We estimated the expected sizes for the 15 °C treatment based on the Q10 and for the fluctuating temperature treatment. These expected sizes for both treatments resulted well below the observed ones. The P and RNA content of individuals grown at 10 °C were significantly higher than those at 20 °C, and when individuals grown at 10 °C were translocated to 20 °C they exerted an increased growth rate. Our results suggest that, under a regime of diel vertical migration, the temperature alternation would allow migrating organisms to alleviate the effect of severe nutrient limitation maintaining population growth. Under a scenario of global warming, where epilimnetic temperatures will increase, lake temperature will interact with nutrient limitation for consumers, but, organisms may be able to face these changes if they can still regularly move from a cold hypolimnion to a warmer epilimnion

Modelling key variables for understanding the effects of grazing and nutrient recycling by zooplankton on the freshwater microbial loop

Pelagic microbial food webs are structured by zooplankton through grazing and nutrient recycling. Cladocerans and copepods are assumed to have different effects on the microbial loop by grazing on different prey sizes and releasing phosphorus (P) differentially. Here, we assessed this effect of differential zooplankton grazing and nutrient recycling on microbial loop dynamics using a combination of experimental and modelling approaches. We performed field incubation experiments in an oligotrophic mountain lake (north-Patagonian Andes) using the natural microbial community and the two dominant zooplankton taxa: a cladoceran (Diaphanosoma chilense) and a copepod (Boeckella gibbosa). The effect of zooplankton grazing and nutrient recycling were assessed separately in different treatments with direct and indirect zooplankton presence, respectively. We built a mechanistic model to estimate zooplankton grazing and P recycling and prey P quotas. The model was parameterised with the results from our field experiment and with prior information from size-based traits and zooplankton C:P using a Bayesian approach. Laboratory experiments for zooplankton P excretion were also performed to test the predictive accuracy of our model. Our model showed that copepods and cladocerans have contrasting effects on the microbial loop. Diaphanosoma chilense grazed mainly on picoplankton while B. gibbosa grazed on nanoflagellates and algae. Diaphanosoma chilense reduced the biomass and increased P quota of picoplankton, and reduced the P quota of nanoflagellates. In contrast, B. gibbosa released more P, increasing the picoplankton biomass and reducing the biomass of nanoflagellates, but increasing its P quota. Based on our experimental and model results, copepod grazing favours higher P acquisition rates for cladocerans by releasing more P for picoplankton. By contrast, cladocerans would have a mixed effect on the main food items of copepods by increasing P quotas of the strict osmotrophic algae but decreasing P quotas of nanoflagellates. Our mechanistic model is useful to quantitatively assess key planktonic variables, which are usually difficult to measure in the field, such as zooplankton P excretion rates and microbial P quotas, by using more conspicuous variables such as biomass of the different microbial compartments and dissolved and particulate P concentrations. The model presented here could be used to disentangle complex pathways in the microbial food web. The relative importance of phagotrophy and osmotrophy in P uptake, P quotas, and nutrient recycling by grazers result in key variables for understanding ecosystem matter flux and resource use efficiency.Fil: Schenone, Luca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Modenutti, Beatriz Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Martyniuk, Nicolás Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Bastidas Navarro, Marcela Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Laspoumaderes, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Balseiro, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Status of the zooplankton ecology in freshwater ecosystems from Argentina

In this contribution, we reviewed ecological studies on zooplankton that were carried out in freshwater systems of Argentina. The diversity of landscapes of the country hosts a great variety of freshwater systems, from large rivers to shallow and deep lakes. We divided Argentina into five different regions: 1- shallow lakes and streams and rivers of the pampas, 2- potamoplankton of great rivers and shallow lakes of the northeast, 3- west and northwest lakes, 4- Patagonian Plateau lakes, and 5- Deep glacial lakes of the Patagonian Andes. Our review showed that there are contributions of almost all modern aspects of zooplankton ecology: herbivory, predation, nutrient recycling, trophic cascade, ecological stoichiometry. Researchers were also able to identify the most important factors, and different threats affecting ecological processes related to zooplankton in each region. However, these aspects are not evenly developed in all regions, as the region of West and northwest lakes has been less studied as almost all topics of zooplankton ecology need to be widened. Finally, we identified five topics that deserve further research including applied aspects like the effect of land use, climate change, exotic species introduction, connectivity and restoration practices.Fil: Balseiro, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Modenutti, Beatriz Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez, Marìa Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Sagrario, Maria de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Laspoumaderes, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin