45 research outputs found
CEERS: Diversity of Lyman-Alpha Emitters during the Epoch of Reionization
We analyze rest-frame ultraviolet to optical spectra of three -
galaxies whose Ly-emission lines were previously detected with
Keck/MOSFIRE observations, using the JWST/NIRSpec observations from the Cosmic
Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey. From NIRSpec data, we confirm
the systemic redshifts of these Ly emitters, and emission-line ratio
diagnostics indicate these galaxies were highly ionized and metal poor. We
investigate Ly line properties, including the line flux, velocity
offset, and spatial extension. For the one galaxy where we have both NIRSpec
and MOSFIRE measurements, we find a significant offset in their flux
measurements ( greater in MOSFIRE) and a marginal difference in
the velocity shifts. The simplest interpretation is that the Ly
emission is extended and not entirely encompassed by the NIRSpec slit. The
cross-dispersion profiles in NIRSpec reveal that Ly in one galaxy is
significantly more extended than the non-resonant emission lines. We also
compute the expected sizes of ionized bubbles that can be generated by the
Ly sources, discussing viable scenarios for the creation of sizable
ionized bubbles (1 physical Mpc). The source with the highest-ionization
condition is possibly capable of ionizing its own bubble, while the other two
do not appear to be capable of ionizing such a large region, requiring
additional sources of ionizing photons. Therefore, the fact that we detect
Ly from these galaxies suggests diverse scenarios on escape of
Ly during the epoch of reionization. High spectral resolution spectra
with JWST/NIRSpec will be extremely useful for constraining the physics of
patchy reionization.Comment: Submitted to ApJ (18 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables
Evidence for a Shallow Evolution in the Volume Densities of Massive Galaxies at to from CEERS
We analyze the evolution of massive (log [] )
galaxies at 4--8 selected from the JWST Cosmic Evolution Early Release
Science (CEERS) survey. We infer the physical properties of all galaxies in the
CEERS NIRCam imaging through spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting with
dense basis to select a sample of high redshift massive galaxies. Where
available we include constraints from additional CEERS observing modes,
including 18 sources with MIRI photometric coverage, and 28 sources with
spectroscopic confirmations from NIRSpec or NIRCam wide-field slitless
spectroscopy. We sample the recovered posteriors in stellar mass from SED
fitting to infer the volume densities of massive galaxies across cosmic time,
taking into consideration the potential for sample contamination by active
galactic nuclei (AGN). We find that the evolving abundance of massive galaxies
tracks expectations based on a constant baryon conversion efficiency in dark
matter halos for 1--4. At higher redshifts, we observe an excess
abundance of massive galaxies relative to this simple model. These higher
abundances can be explained by modest changes to star formation physics and/or
the efficiencies with which star formation occurs in massive dark matter halos,
and are not in tension with modern cosmology.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figure
CEERS Spectroscopic Confirmation of NIRCam-Selected z > 8 Galaxy Candidates with JWST/NIRSpec: Initial Characterization of their Properties
We present JWST NIRSpec spectroscopy for 11 galaxy candidates with
photometric redshifts of and newly
identified in NIRCam images in the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science
(CEERS) Survey. We confirm emission line redshifts for 7 galaxies at
using spectra at m either with the NIRSpec prism or
its three medium resolution gratings. For photometric candidates, we
achieve a high confirmation rate of 90\%, which validates the classical
dropout selection from NIRCam photometry. No robust emission lines are
identified in three galaxy candidates at , where the strong [OIII] and
H lines would be redshifted beyond the wavelength range observed by
NIRSpec, and the Lyman- continuum break is not detected with the
current sensitivity. Compared with HST-selected bright galaxies
() that are similarly spectroscopically confirmed at
, these NIRCam-selected galaxies are characterized by lower star
formation rates (SFR~yr) and lower stellar masses
(), but with higher [OIII]+H equivalent widths
(1100), and elevated production efficiency of ionizing photons
() induced by young stellar
populations (~Myrs) accounting for of the galaxy mass,
highlighting the key contribution of faint galaxies to cosmic reionization.
Taking advantage of the homogeneous selection and sensitivity, we also
investigate metallicity and ISM conditions with empirical calibrations using
the [OIII]/H ratio. We find that galaxies at have higher SFRs
and lower metallicities than galaxies at similar stellar masses at ,
which is generally consistent with the current galaxy formation and evolution
models.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to ApJL Focus Issu
Spectroscopic confirmation of CEERS NIRCam-selected galaxies at
We present JWST/NIRSpec prism spectroscopy of seven galaxies selected from
the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey (CEERS) NIRCam imaging with
photometric redshifts z_phot>8. We measure emission line redshifts of z=7.65
and 8.64 for two galaxies, and z=9.77(+0.37,-0.29) and 10.01(+0.14,-0.19) for
two others via the detection of continuum breaks consistent with Lyman-alpha
opacity from a mostly neutral intergalactic medium. The presence (absense) of
strong breaks (strong emission lines) give high confidence that these two
galaxies are at z>9.6, but the break-derived redshifts have large uncertainties
given the low spectral resolution and relatively low signal-to-noise of the
CEERS NIRSpec prism data. The two z~10 sources are relatively luminous
(M_UV<-20), with blue continua (-2.3<beta<-1.9) and low dust attenuation
(A_V=0.15(+0.3,-0.1)); and at least one of them has high stellar mass for a
galaxy at that redshift (log(M_*/M_sol)=9.3(+0.2,-0.3)). Considered together
with spectroscopic observations of other CEERS NIRCam-selected high-z galaxy
candidates in the literature, we find a high rate of redshift confirmation and
low rate of confirmed interlopers (8.3%). Ten out of 34 z>8 candidates with
CEERS NIRSpec spectroscopy do not have secure redshifts, but the absence of
emission lines in their spectra is consistent with redshifts z>9.6. We find
that z>8 photometric redshifts are generally in agreement (within
uncertainties) with the spectroscopic values. However, the photometric
redshifts tend to be slightly overestimated (average Delta(z)=0.50+/-0.12),
suggesting that current templates do not fully describe the spectra of very
high-z sources. Overall, our results solidifies photometric evidence for a high
space density of bright galaxies at z>8 compared to theoretical model
predictions, and further disfavors an accelerated decline in the integrated UV
luminosity density at z>8.Comment: Submitted to ApJL. 24 pages, 9 figures, 7 tables. File with Table 6
included in source .tar fil
The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning
This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb
Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period.
We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments,
and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch
expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of
achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the
board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases,
JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite
have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range
that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through
observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures;
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29
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The Impact of COVID-19 Household Isolation on Conflict and Cohesion in One-, Two-, and Three-Generation Households With Older Adults
The current cross-sectional study examined the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) household isolation on household conflict and cohesion in one-, two-, and three-generation households with older adults (aged ≥65 years). Participants were 757 adults (aged ≥18 years) with at least one older adult in their household. Respondents were from 51 countries. Study variables were measured with the COVID-19 Household Environmental Scale. Non-parametric tests were used to assess differences between groups. Most participants (= 437, 57.7%) lived in three-generation homes. Three-generation homes reported greater increases in conflict (< 0.001) and cohesion (< 0.001) during household isolation compared to oneand two-generation homes. Findings suggest that older adults living in multigenerational households experienced more cohesive and conflictive household environments as a function of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research should explore how family or health care interventions could better support older adults and families as a unit of care to avoid adverse outcomes and boost resilience. [(4), 47-56.]
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Family Functioning in an International Sample of Households Reporting Adult Caregiving During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Public Significance Statement Households with adults requiring caregiving have experienced greater disruption to family functioning than noncaregiving households during the COVID-19 pandemic. The intersection of pandemic and caregiving stress may impart psychological and health risks for caregivers likely to be felt for years to come.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically altered the functioning of households. Because of the vulnerability of high-risk groups, such as older adults and people with compromised immune systems, households caring for these vulnerable adults may be facing elevated levels of caregiving-related stress and burden. The current study sought to examine the impact of the pandemic on conflict and cohesion in households with adults requiring caregiving versus noncaregiving households. Methods: Respondent demographic, household level, and family functioning data were collected anonymously from an international sample (N = 4,241). Responses were examined using descriptive and bivariate analyses. Results: Overall, respondents in caregiving households (n = 667) reported a significantly greater negative impact of social distancing on their family functioning, with greater increase in conflict than nonadult caregiving households (n = 3,574). Significantly more caregiving households also reported that someone had stopped working due to the pandemic. No differences were observed for cohesion between the two groups, with both reporting a little bit more cohesion when compared with the period before social distancing. Conclusions: Our findings add to a body of literature demonstrating that caregiving families experience greater disruption and strain during disaster situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research is needed to establish the causality of the collected proximal factors, such as job loss and education, with pandemic related family functioning among homes caring for adults, and examining the impact of contextual factors, such as level of caregiving need and caregiving support
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 social distancing and social vulnerability on family functioning in an international sample of households with and without children
The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide event that has exacerbated stress and caused significant disruptions in the day-to-day living of families. Of particular concern are socially vulnerable families, which have felt the impacts of the pandemic most acutely. Because stress can alter family dynamics, it is important to understand which stressors impact families the most, and what resources can be leveraged to strengthen family functioning. The current study examined the impacts of COVID-19 on the conflict and cohesion of households with children compared to households without children. Additionally, we sought to assess how conflict and cohesion are related to social vulnerabilities in the context of the pandemic. Using an international sample, we analyzed responses to the COVID-19 Household Environment Scale (N = 4122) using descriptive and bivariate analyses. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of family functioning in households with and without children. We found that social vulnerability was associated with more disrupted family functioning, and that households with children (n = 2666) reported less disrupted family functioning when compared to households without children (n = 1456), despite having higher social vulnerability scores. Our exploratory latent class analysis identified a 5-class model among both subgroups. Conflict, cohesion, family functioning and social vulnerability varied significantly by subgroup and class membership. Our findings add to a body of evidence that argues that despite facing greater vulnerability, households with children have many strengths to draw from. Family interventions that help to promote family cohesion and conflict resolution can foster resilience in stressful circumstances
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Abstract 15534: Pericardial Effusion in People With HIV in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy
Byline: Karla Inestroza, Univ of Miami/ Jackson Memorial Hosp, Miami, FL; Vanessa Hurtado, Univ of Miami, Miami, FL; Michaela Larson; Ryan Severdija, miami, FL; Sanjana Satish, Miami, FL; Maria L Alcaide, Univ of Miami, miami, FL; Barry E Hurwitz, UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, Miami, FL; Catherine Boulanger, Univ of Miami, Miami, FL; Dushyantha Jayaweera, UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, MIAMI, FL; Alexis Powell, Univ of Miami, Miami, FL; Claudia Martinez, university of Miami, Miami Beach, FL Introduction: Pericardial effusion was previously described as one of the most common forms of cardiovascular involvement in People with HIV (PWH). The presence of pericardial effusion was considered a marker of advanced HIV infection and associated with a low CD4 cell count. This study describes the incidence and association of pericardial disease with HIV-related factors in an era of wider availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who received HIV care at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital between 2017-2019 with an available echocardiogram (n=396). We stratified patients according to the presence (n=51) or absence of pericardial effusion (n=345) and compared demographic, clinical, imaging, and laboratory data. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We found a prevalence of pericardial effusion in PWH of 4.5%. There was no statistically significant difference in age, gender, or race between groups. PWH with pericardial effusion had higher creatinine (2.1 mg/dL vs. 1.6 mg/dL, p=0.025) and pro-BNP (12,088 pg/mL vs. 6364 pg/mL, p=0.021) levels, were more likely to have chronic kidney disease (43.1% vs. 18%, p<0.001), tricuspid regurgitation (64.6% vs. 44.2%, p=0.009), and mitral regurgitation (60.8% vs. 35.9%, p<0.001) compared to PWH without pericardial effusion. There was no difference in CD4 count, CD8 count, viral load, length on ART, or history of tuberculosis between groups. Conclusions: We report a lower prevalence of pericardial effusion in PWH than previous results before the wide availability of ART (around 11%). In PWH with pericardial effusion, we found no association with HIV-related factors or length on ART. In this population, pericardial effusion was associated with comorbidities like chronic kidney disease and valvular abnormalities.Professiona