807 research outputs found
Non-classical transport with angular-dependent path-length distributions. 2: Application to pebble bed reactor cores
We describe an analysis of neutron transport in the interior of model pebble
bed reactor (PBR) cores, considering both crystal and random pebble
arrangements. Monte Carlo codes were developed for (i) generating random
realizations of the model PBR core, and (ii) performing neutron transport
inside the crystal and random heterogeneous cores; numerical results are
presented for two different choices of material parameters. These numerical
results are used to investigate the anisotropic behavior of neutrons in each
case and to assess the accuracy of estimates for the diffusion coefficients
obtained with the diffusion approximations of different models: the atomic mix
model, the Behrens correction, the Lieberoth correction, the generalized linear
Boltzmann equation (GLBE), and the new GLBE with angular-dependent path-length
distributions. This new theory utilizes a non-classical form of the Boltzmann
equation in which the locations of the scattering centers in the system are
correlated and the distance-to-collision is not exponentially distributed; this
leads to an anisotropic diffusion equation. We show that the results predicted
using the new GLBE theory are extremely accurate, correctly identifying the
anisotropic diffusion in each case and greatly outperforming the other models
for the case of random systems.Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures; Version 3: shortened title, corrected typo
Non-classical transport with angular-dependent path-length distributions. 1: Theory
This paper extends a recently introduced theory describing particle transport
for random statistically homogeneous systems in which the distribution function
p(s) for chord lengths between scattering centers is non-exponential. Here, we
relax the previous assumption that p(s) does not depend on the direction of
flight \Omega; this leads to an extended generalized linear Boltzmann equation
that includes angular-dependent cross sections, and to an extended generalized
diffusion equation that accounts for anisotropic behavior resulting from the
statistics of the system.Comment: 22 pages; Version 3: shortened title; corrected typo
The Non-Classical Boltzmann Equation, and Diffusion-Based Approximations to the Boltzmann Equation
We show that several diffusion-based approximations (classical diffusion or
SP1, SP2, SP3) to the linear Boltzmann equation can (for an infinite,
homogeneous medium) be represented exactly by a non-classical transport
equation. As a consequence, we indicate a method to solve diffusion-based
approximations to the Boltzmann equation via Monte Carlo, with only statistical
errors - no truncation errors.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure
A New Species of Protanaissus Sieg, 1982 (Crustacea: Tanaidacea: Peracarida), from South Florida
A new nototanaid species, Protanaissus floridensis, is described from Biscayne Bay in southeastern Florida. Specimens were collected at a depth of 7 m in muddy sand substrata with associated aquatic vegetation (Thalassia testudinum). Protanaissus floridensis, which represents only the 4th species referable to the genus, is the first species of Protanaissus Sieg, 1982, known from the northern hemisphere. The new species is distinguished from the other 3 species of Protanaissus by 1) the dactylus of pereopod 1 shorter than combined length of propodus and carpus, 2) the dactylus of the cheliped with proximal spine on inner margin and proximal process on outer margin, 3) the fixed finger with 3–4 distal denticles on inner margin, and 4) the uropodal exopod uniarticulated. A key distinguishing the species of Protanaissus is presented
Seasonal Patterns of Flight and Attack of Maple Saplings by the Ambrosia Beetle \u3ci\u3eCorthylus Punctatissimus\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Central Michigan
Window traps with ethanol were used to observe seasonal flight patterns of Corthylus punctatissimus in central Michigan. Flights peaked in early July with a second peak seven weeks later in late August. Similarly, wilting of attacked maple (Acer) saplings began to appear a week after initial Corthylus flights, and showed twopeaks, one in mid-July and again with another peak, seven weeks later, in early September. The second peak of activity is presumably from reemerged adults, and not a second generation
Instantaneous Pair Theory for High-Frequency Vibrational Energy Relaxation in Fluids
Notwithstanding the long and distinguished history of studies of vibrational
energy relaxation, exactly how it is that high frequency vibrations manage to
relax in a liquid remains somewhat of a mystery. Both experimental and
theoretical approaches seem to say that there is a natural frequency range
associated with intermolecular motions in liquids, typically spanning no more
than a few hundred cm^{-1}. Landau-Teller-like theories explain how a solvent
can absorb any vibrational energy within this "band", but how is it that
molecules can rid themselves of superfluous vibrational energies significantly
in excess of these values? We develop a theory for such processes based on the
idea that the crucial liquid motions are those that most rapidly modulate the
force on the vibrating coordinate -- and that by far the most important of
these motions are those involving what we have called the mutual nearest
neighbors of the vibrating solute. Specifically, we suggest that whenever there
is a single solvent molecule sufficiently close to the solute that the solvent
and solute are each other's nearest neighbors, then the instantaneous
scattering dynamics of the solute-solvent pair alone suffices to explain the
high frequency relaxation. The many-body features of the liquid only appear in
the guise of a purely equilibrium problem, that of finding the likelihood of
particularly effective solvent arrangements around the solute. These results
are tested numerically on model diatomic solutes dissolved in atomic fluids
(including the experimentally and theoretically interesting case of I_2 in Xe).
The instantaneous pair theory leads to results in quantitative agreement with
those obtained from far more laborious exact molecular dynamics simulations.Comment: 55 pages, 6 figures Scheduled to appear in J. Chem. Phys., Jan, 199
Passage Through a Small Drainage Culvert by Mule Deer, Odocoilus hemionus, and Other Mammals
Cameras with infra-red triggers were used to monitor the passage of wildlife through underground passages that ran under a major highway and railway. Several species of mammals were detected traveling through the passages; of particular interest was the movement of Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) through a relatively small culvert that would not have been predicted to see usage by these animals
Estimates of child deaths prevented from malaria prevention scale-up in Africa 2001-2010
Funding from external agencies for malaria control in Africa has increased dramatically over the past decade resulting in substantial increases in population coverage by effective malaria prevention interventions. This unprecedented effort to scale-up malaria interventions is likely improving child survival and will likely contribute to meeting Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 to reduce the < 5 mortality rate by two thirds between 1990 and 2015.\ud
The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) model was used to quantify the likely impact that malaria prevention intervention scale-up has had on malaria mortality over the past decade (2001-2010) across 43 malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan African. The likely impact of ITNs and malaria prevention interventions in pregnancy (intermittent preventive treatment [IPTp] and ITNs used during pregnancy) over this period was assessed. The LiST model conservatively estimates that malaria prevention intervention scale-up over the past decade has prevented 842,800 (uncertainty: 562,800-1,364,645) child deaths due to malaria across 43 malaria-endemic countries in Africa, compared to a baseline of the year 2000. Over the entire decade, this represents an 8.2% decrease in the number of malaria-caused child deaths that would have occurred over this period had malaria prevention coverage remained unchanged since 2000. The biggest impact occurred in 2010 with a 24.4% decrease in malaria-caused child deaths compared to what would have happened had malaria prevention interventions not been scaled-up beyond 2000 coverage levels. ITNs accounted for 99% of the lives saved. The results suggest that funding for malaria prevention in Africa over the past decade has had a substantial impact on decreasing child deaths due to malaria. Rapidly achieving and then maintaining universal coverage of these interventions should be an urgent priority for malaria control programmes in the future. Successful scale-up in many African countries will likely contribute substantially to meeting MDG 4, as well as succeed in meeting MDG 6 (Target 1) to halt and reverse malaria incidence by 2015
Study of EMIC wave excitation using direct ion measurements
With data from Van Allen Probes, we investigate electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave excitation using simultaneously observed ion distributions. Strong He band waves occurred while the spacecraft was moving through an enhanced density region. We extract from helium, oxygen, proton, and electron mass spectrometer measurement the velocity distributions of warm heavy ions as well as anisotropic energetic protons that drive wave growth through the ion cyclotron instability. Fitting the measured ion fluxes to multiple sinm-type distribution functions, we find that the observed ions make up about 15% of the total ions, but about 85% of them are still missing. By making legitimate estimates of the unseen cold (below ∼2 eV) ion composition from cutoff frequencies suggested by the observed wave spectrum, a series of linear instability analyses and hybrid simulations are carried out. The simulated waves generally vary as predicted by linear theory. They are more sensitive to the cold O+ concentration than the cold He+ concentration. Increasing the cold O+ concentration weakens the He band waves but enhances the O band waves. Finally, the exact cold ion composition is suggested to be in a range when the simulated wave spectrum best matches the observed one
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