The Chinese People\u27s Liberation Army and Information Warfare

On November 23, 2013, the Chinese government announced plans to establish a new air defense intercept zone which will include the Diaoyu or Senkaku Islands, sovereignty over which is disputed by Japan, China, and Taiwan. Due to complaints of cyber penetrations attributed to the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, U.S. Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, and State are devising new means to protect intellectual property and secrets from the PLA’s computer network operations. This monograph explains how the PLA is revising its operational doctrine to meet what it sees as the new mode of “integrated, joint operations” for the 21st century. An understanding of the PLA’s new concepts are important for U.S. and allied military leaders and planners.https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1505/thumbnail.jp

Shaping China\u27s Security Environment: The Role of the People\u27s Liberation Army

This volume addresses the role of the Chinese military in shaping its country’s security environment. The PLA itself is shaped and molded by both domestic and foreign influences. In the first decade of the 21st century, the PLA is not a central actor in China’s foreign policy the way it was just a few decades ago. Nevertheless, the significance of the PLA should not be discounted. The military remains a player that seeks to play a role and influence China’s policy towards the such countries and regions as United States, Japan, the Koreas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Taiwan. It is important not to overlook that, in times of crisis or conflict, the role and influence of the PLA rise significantly.https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1709/thumbnail.jp

Taking the Fight to the Enemy: Chinese Thinking about Long-Distance and Expeditionary Operations

According to many analysts of China’s military, when an officer of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) suggests new forms of operations, expanded domains of warfare, or new weapons systems, American security planners can dismiss these projections as merely “aspirational” thinking. This assessment of the PLA Academy of Military Science publication Long Distance Operations and other military publications of this genre propose that suggestions for forms of future warfare capture currents of thinking among mid-grade officers and also reflect how the senior political and military leaders in China want the PLA to evolve. Among the trends identified in this Letort Paper is the requirement for a capacity to more effectively attack a distant adversary, such as the United States, and to hold that adversary’s population at risk. This analysis also shows that a number of military analysts in China perceive that the populace is at risk from attacks by stronger, distant states. In the past 5 years, the PLA has exercised to develop force projection and expeditionary capabilities. As described in brief in this analysis, in the past 6 months, the PLA has changed its own force structure and posture in ways that will facilitate expeditionary operations.https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1300/thumbnail.jp

The Digital Transformation of Law: Are We Prepared for Artificially Intelligent Legal Practice?

We live in an instant access and on-demand world of information sharing. The global COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the necessity of remote working and team collaboration. Work teams are exploring and utilizing the remote work platforms required to serve in place of stand-ups common in the agile workplace. Online tools are needed to provide visibility to the status of projects and the accountability necessary to ensure that tasks are completed on time and on budget. Digital transformation of organizational data is now the target of AI projects to provide enterprise transparency and predictive insights into the process of work. In order to preserve legal frameworks without losing the high ground of principled rule making, standard setting, and practical application, prompt action is required. Legal practitioners as well as legal academics must coalesce to present a united front to persuade their constituents (clients, students, and others looking to them for guidance) that AI will serve to safeguard human legal rights, responsibilities, and remedies as this digital transformation sweeps every industry sector

U.S. Policy and Strategy Toward Afghanistan after 2014

View the Executive SummaryWhat should the United States do about Afghanistan? After nearly 13 years and substantial U.S. national commitment in a country on the other side of the world, much has changed in Afghanistan, the United States, Afghanistan’s region, and the globe. To prepare policy and strategy recommendations on Afghanistan for U.S. leaders, this monograph answers six key questions: 1. Did the United States have or develop critical national interests in Afghanistan and its immediate neighborhood on or because of the events of September 11, 2001? 2. Was overall U.S. strategy to pursue those interests successful and appropriate? 3. What outside conditions shaping U.S. involvement in Afghanistan exist now? 4. Do new vital and/or important national interests not met by our earlier strategies exist in this region? 5. What strategy(s) should the United States adopt or emphasize to achieve critical national interests in/around Afghanistan? 6. What risks and challenges are associated with new policies and/or strategies?https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1478/thumbnail.jp

High Illusion of Control Adolescents: A moderated mediation Analyses of the Effects of Forms of Counterfactual Thinking and Gender in Problem Gambling and Gaming

Abstract Three studies (Study 1, N = 322 male adolescents, Study 2, N = 401 male and female adolescents, and Study 3, longitudinal, N = 56 male and female adolescents) analyzed the effects cognitive and psychographic variables in the relationships among illusion of control (IC), problem gambling and problem gaming. Moderated mediation analyses results using PROCESS macro in the three studies confirmed: (1) the positive mediating effect of upward CFT in the association between IC and problem gambling and problem gaming; (2) the negative mediating effect of downward CFT in the association between IC and problem gambling and problem gaming; and (3) the moderating effect of gender in confirmed mediations. The results highlighted that (1) high levels of IC act as risk factors for problem gambling and gaming that may be boosted by increased upward CFT, and (2) gender and downward CFR act as protective factors, highlighting the protective effect of downward CFT because it buffers the negative effects of IC on adolescent problem gambling and gaming; and (3) problem gambling and problem gaming appears to be similar in manifestation among Nigerian adolescents. Implication statement The finding lend support to the faulty cognition model of problem gambling and gaming, pioneered the moderated-mediation model of problem gambling/gaming correlates in sub-Saharan Africa, and highlight the need for cognitive-based problem gambling/gaming treatment plan focused on checkmating of faulty gambling/gaming cognitions as means of controlling problem gambling/gaming

Henderson County Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study

This report presents the results of a Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) commodity flow study for Henderson County, Kentucky. Study components were conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with Henderson County Emergency Management (HCEM) and Henderson County Local Planning Committee (LEPC). Location of Henderson County and the City of Henderson in Kentucky are shown in Figure 1.1. In addition, data from an Audubon Parkway placard survey, conducted in July of 2013 for Daviess County, were used in the analysis for this report. Hazardous materials transported through Henderson County were monitored at the following sites during the study period: U.S. Highway 41 (Hwy 41), North and Southbound lanes at Audubon State Park; CSX Railroad Bridge (CSX), North and Southbound lanes at Sunset Park near the Ohio River and Downtown Henderson; U.S. Highway 60 (Hwy 60), East and Westbound lanes at Henderson Community College; Kentucky Route 136/425 (KY 136/425), East and Northbound lanes respectively at Henderson Community College; Audubon Parkway (Aud Pkwy ), East and Westbound lanes at Second Overpass East of West of Owensboro. The purpose of this report is to present information on patterns of hazardous materials commodity flow along Hwy 41, Hwy 60, ST 136/425, Audubon Parkway, and the CSX railway, as observed during the period of May 28, 2013 to August 27, 2013. This report also summarizes incidents involving hazardous materials over the previous 11 years and 8 months, November 2001 to July 2013, in Henderson County. Finally, the study assessed survey information collected from fixed facilities that shipped and received hazardous materials in Henderson County

The Future U.S. Military Presence in Asia: Landpower and the Geostrategy of American Commitment

The United States strategic framework in the Pacific has three parts: peacetime engagement, as described above, which includes a forward presence; crisis response, which builds on forward-stationed forces, the boots-on-the ground and, if necessary, fighting and winning any conflict that might develop. The mechanisms to carry out this strategic framework are embedded in the regular contacts and engagement activities that the United States carries out with friends and allies in the region. What the future will look like in Asia will be determined largely on what happens on the Korean Peninsula. It could be changed by such eventualities as a resurgent, expansionist, or nationalistic Russia. But the dialogue that is taking place among strategists in Seoul and Tokyo needs to be broadened to include the United States. It also must become a public debate. The tyranny of distance requires a United States military presence, and the governments of Korea and Japan must involve their own voters in a civil debate, setting forth the case for a new security structure. This is important not only for domestic political reasons in Asia, but because the American people need to know that there is a civil debate about the subject among their allies, and that the alliances that have kept Asia safe, peaceful and prosperous for 55 years are still useful, welcome, and healthy.https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1847/thumbnail.jp

Personality in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Exploring the Hierarchical Structure and Associations with the Vasopressin V1A Receptor Gene

One of the major contributions of recent personality psychology is the finding that traits are related to each other in an organized hierarchy. To date, however, researchers have yet to investigate this hierarchy in nonhuman primates. Such investigations are critical in confirming the cross-species nature of trait personality helping to illuminate personality as neurobiologically-based and evolutionarily-derived dimensions of primate disposition. Investigations of potential genetic polymorphisms associated with hierarchical models of personality among nonhuman primates represent a critical first step. The current study examined the hierarchical structure of chimpanzee personality as well as sex-specific associations with a polymorphism in the promoter region of the vasopressin V1a receptor gene (AVPR1A), a gene associated with dispositional traits, among 174 chimpanzees. Results confirmed a hierarchical structure of personality across species and, despite differences in early rearing experiences, suggest a sexually dimorphic role of AVPR1A polymorphisms on hierarchical personality profiles at a higher-order level