Semantics of Enmity: Aggressive Subject Naming in Modern Internet Communication

The article presents research results, and highlights the peculiarities of hostile-minded subject naming in Internet communication in the 21 st century. The composition of the paradigmatic subset under consideration is determined, its internal structure, word-formation features, semantics, syntagmatics and functioning of constituents are characterized. The research is carried out through purposeful sampling, semantic, definitional, contextual analysis, some aspects of motivational, word-formation and syntactic analysis, quantitative method. It is shown, that the majority of the new names are borrowed from the English language and derived from Anglicisms. Mental and linguistic representation of a hostile subject reflects such parameters as: the verbal / nonverbal nature of the subject's actions; animate / inanimate object of hostility; the membership of the subject and object of hostility of a certain group; obligatory / optional allies of the subject; the degree of the subjects emotional involvement; the purpose of the actions / needs of the subject. The studied designations differ in the frequency of use in the described network communicative practices and are used to characterize the corresponding phenomenon or class of subjects, a particular member of the Internet community; for the speakers self-presentation; as an evaluative appeal. There is a tendency to romanticize certain classes of the named aggressive subjects. The emergence of new designations of a hostile subject and their functioning are determined by the turn towards intensification, intellectualization, integration and internationalization

Hate Show: Implementation of Hate As a Communicative Phenomenon

The article focuses on the communicative phenomenon of hate, and the peculiarities of its implementation in Russian hate shows. The composition and types of Russian hate shows, the degree of their theatricality as compared to functioning of hate in reality, the correlation of the phenomenon of hate with different classes of the language of enmity have been determined. The communicative tactics of the hate show participants and the main language means are characterized. It is shown that within the framework of existing hate speech classifications, the hate phenomenon can be considered as mild hate speech implementation in its textual and/or contextual forms. Three groups of hate shows are distinguished. They differ in the general idea, cast, the correlation with the ontological features of hate in reality, and the degree of theatricality in relation to real hate practices: comedy roasts with celebrities in the role of haters demonstrate a high degree of theatricality; roast shows with haters are least theatrical; roast battles significantly deviate from the characteristic features of the hate. It has been established that the communicative tactics of the subjects and objects of the hate have similarities and differences in different types of hate shows. They are determined by the idea, the combination of different targets and the casting of show participants. The main linguistic means of the staged realization of hate include: lexical units with negative semantics. They denote professional, intellectual, moral, and external characteristics of the subject; rhetorical questions; designation of negative emotions and sensations; means of expressing opposition, exaggeration, unreality, communicative distance reduction; precedent phenomena; direct speech

РУССКОЯЗЫЧНЫЕ ОНЛАЙН-ПЕТИЦИИ КАК АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ПРАКТИКА ПРОТЕСТНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ: СИСТЕМНО-КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ

Purpose. The study focuses on characteristics of public positions from the perspective of the communicative approach which is considered to be an actual practice of protest communication in the Russian Federation. The example taken in the study is the Russian Public Initiative petition platform.Methodology. The methodology is based on scientific theses on the contingence of technological and social and cultural changes, discursive reality construction, mediation of the political sphere and systemic-communicative autonomy of protest.Results. The spatiotemporal, collective-personal and objective systemic-communicative dimensions of Russian-speaking online petitions are described; their integrative nature is revealed; the specifics of the discursive construction of the problem, a complex addressee, a petition addressee and Internet solidarity are characterized.Practical implications. The results of the study make certain contribution to further understanding of modern protest, the correlation of technological and social and cultural changes, politics and mass media sphere; these results are of interest to specialists in the field of social conflicts management. Цель. Исследование нацелено на характеристику с позиций коммуникативного подхода онлайн-петиций как актуальной практики протестной коммуникации в РФ на примере петиционной платформы «Российская общественная инициатива».Метод или методология проведения работы. В основе методологии лежат научные тезисы о сопряженности технологических и социокультурных изменений, дискурсивном конструирования реальности, медитизации политической сферы, системно-коммуникативной автономии протеста.Результаты. Описаны пространственно-временное, коллективно-личностное и предметное системно-коммуникативные измерения русскоязычных онлайн-петиций; раскрыта их интегративная природа; охарактеризована специфика дискурсивного конструирования проблемы, комплексного адресанта и адресата петиции, интернет-солидарности.Область применения результатов. Полученные результаты способствуют дальнейшему осмыслению современного протеста, взаимосвязи технологических и социокультурных изменений, политики и медиасферы; представляют интерес для специалистов в области управления конфликтными социумами

Conflict mobilization communities in social media as a soft power tool: problematization environmental risks

The object of the study is the protest communication practices of conflict mobilization in 2012-2021 by environmental communities in Russian-language social networks. Civil society is a significant actor in environmental policy. Social media as a soft power tool plays an important role today in informing, educating society about the environment and shaping a protesting regional environmental agenda. The system-communicative approach explores the patterns of discursive problematisation of environmental risks within the framework of civic political participation. Authors describe the types of publications constituting the content of environmental mobilization communities; analyse thematic dominants to identify frequent environmental threats constructed by the addressants of the publications; identify and systematise the strategies, tactics and relevant language tools used to problematise fragments of environmental reality; examine regular means of creating and maintaining online solidarity in environmental communities of conflict mobilization

CONSTANT FEATURES OF MEMORIZING REPRESENTATION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

Статья посвящена изучению языковой репрезентации феномена запоминания в континууме немецкого языка. Память рассматривается как динамическая структура, сущностные свойства которой отражаются в семантике глагольных конституентов лексико-семантической системы языка. Теоретическую базу концепции исследования составляют положения об участии языка в схематизации опыта, о системном характере и континуумной организации языка, преемственности как важном факторе развития языка. Материал исследования составляют глагольные единицы, образующие соответствующие номинативные и генетическую парадигмы. Комплекс методов анализа в рамках синхронического семасиологического и ономасиологического подходов позволяют выявить закономерности репрезентации и механизмы номинации операции запоминания в современном немецком языке. Когнитивно ориентированный историко-семасиологический анализ в рамках диахронического подхода дает возможность определить исходные структуры знаний и способы семантической схематизации ситуаций запоминания. Посредством сопоставления полученных результатов выделяются константные черты репрезентации данного процесса памяти в немецком языке: отражение в семантике единиц модели денотативной ситуации, включающей в качестве базовых элементов субъект, объект, процесс; отождествление запоминания с движением или конкретным физическим действием, а памяти – с пространством; актуализация ценностной природы памяти; высокая степень экспликации данной операции памятив лексической системе немецкого языка.The paper studies the language representation of memorizing phenomenon in German continuum. Memory is viewed as a dynamic structure, its essential features are reflected in the verbal constituents semantics of language lexical-semantic system. The theoretical basis of the research concept consists of abstract theorems of language participation in experience schematization, language systematic and continuum nature, continuity as an important factor of language development. Data for study make verbal units that form nominative and genetic paradigms. The complex of methods in analysis within the synchronic semasiological and onomasiological approaches allows to identify representation regularities and nomination mechanisms of memorizing in Modern German. Cognitive oriented historical-semasiological analysis within diachronic approach makes it possible to determine the base knowledge structures and the semantic schematization ways of memorizing. By comparing the results constant features of representation of memorizing in German are distinguished: reflection in the verbal units semantics of the denotative situation model, which includes subject, object and process as basic elements; the identification of memorizing with movement or physical action, identification of memory with the space; reflection of the memory value nature; high degree of explication of the memory operation in the lexical system of the German language

EVALUATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE PERSON’S MENTAL ABILITIES IN THE AUSTRIAN NATIONAL VARIANT OF GERMAN

The national variant of language is studied as a metasystem of all variations of the national language, as a parity form of language existence and adapting to its functioning conditions. In the article the paradigmatic class of lexical items in the Austrian national variant of German, which are used to evaluate a person in terms of their mental abilities, are studied. The inner structure of this class incorporates two subclasses of lexical items, which actualize positive and negative evaluations. The onomasiological approach allows to define subject codes as nomination motivating factors. Subject codes point to identification spheres of a certain object, generate images and metaphorical shifts, allow to determine the elements of the mental processes and their features relevant for positive or negative evaluation. The results of linguistic analysis reveal that in comparison to the negative evaluation, the positive one is less completely represented in the lexical and semantic system of the Austrian national variant of German. Relevant features for an evaluative description of person's mental abilities are temporal and qualitative characteristics of mental processes, quantitative characteristics of objects, qualitative characteristics of a person, such as age, physical, social and gender. The most productive subject codes are objective, zoological, botanical, physiological and anatomical codes. The spatial and temporal subject codes are less productive

Transfer of Evaluative Contexts When Subtitling Film Translation (in German and Russian Languages)

The article presents the results of studying the patterns of evaluative meanings transfer when translating and subtitling films of various genres from German to Russian. Material for the study serves the original version and the translation of a military drama, a melodrama, a comedy, and a detective. The authors used the descriptive, comparative method, the methods of contextual, definitional analysis, quantitative calculations. The object of study includes the fragments of film dialogues in the source (German) language and the language of translation (Russian). The specificity of subtitling depends on the need of strict regarding the spatial and temporal parameters of the film text. Evaluation is interpreted as a semantic-pragmatic category (the impact involving appropriate semantization which is consistent with elocution through selecting the semantically relevant language). It is determined that the verbal component in the studied film text is highly informative, providing low complementarity of verbal and non-verbal components; the positive and negative evaluations are realized at the same frequency which is associated with a variety of topics and genres of films; the most frequent translational transformations, used in transferring evaluative meanings when subtitling, are synonymous substitutions, modulation technique, literal translation and specification; the most relevant methods of text compression, in this case, are a generalization and simplification. The authors verified the hypothesis of relevance for transferring the evaluative meaning through subtitling such elements of the valuation structure and the parameters of its verbalization as a type of evaluativity, object, basis, nature, degree, level of language expressions of evaluation, which detect differences between the source text and the text of translation. There are also stated the parameters which characterize the transfer of evaluative meanings and are the most resistant/stable to transformation and the most sensitive to transformation

Explicating Ways to Recollect Autobiographical Material During German-Language Biographical Interview

One of the subsystems of memory that is allocated from the bio-psychological and sociological points of view is autobiographical memory characterized by certain functional patterns. Autobiographical practices constitute socialized, culturally determined, materialized form of fixing autobiographical memory which is determined by memory mechanisms, communication laws and regulations. Their analysis allows making certain observations about the structural characteristics of autobiographical memory. Narration within biographical interviews is based on the interaction of the three forces (telling “I”, being told “I” and coordinating their attitude “I”) aimed at harmonizing the structures of life experiences and narrative structures, at the social acceptance of narration. This makes the implementation of the implicit principles of narrative associated with the structural elements of communication (the rules of integrity and completeness, dramatizing, explicitation). The autobiographical material in memory is constituted with “bright”, “important”, “crucial”, “essential” events that correlate with the level structure of the memory subsystem. Revival of each of these types of autobiographical material in the biographical interviews under study is characterized by a certain specificity

ТАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ВНУШЕНИЯ ПРИ ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ПОЗИТИВНОГО ЦЕННОСТНОГО ОТНОШЕНИЯ К ПРОШЛОМУ В ГЕРМАНСКИХ СМИ

Purpose. The paper is devoted to the issue of speech influence in the mass communication being currently central in the context of the politicization of modern society, dynamism of social changes, as well as active development of communication technologies. A number of publications in the German media, in which a positive image of the past is generated by reactualization and reinterpretation of the collective memory fragments, constitute the object of research. The tactics used by the addresser that implement the suggestion and involve the appeal to the addressee’s psychological sphere constitute the research subject.Methodology. Reactualization of the collective memory to form the value relation to the past is seen in the frame of the social communication theory from the standpoint of the communicative and discursive approach. The discourse, contextual, and semantic analysis techniques are used.Results. The author determines the relevant linguistic means and shows how the tactics used in the mass media help reduce the critical perception and information processing, as well as generate an emotional involvement in the past.Practical implications. The findings contribute to the further study of the voluntative function of language and persuasiveness, can perform exemplary and recommendatory functions for institutions of the public communication system.Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной в условиях политизации современного общества, динамичности социальных изменений, активного развития коммуникационных технологий проблеме воздействия на массового адресата. Объектом исследования являются публикации германских СМИ, в которых формируется позитивный образ прошлого посредством реактуализации и реинтерпретации фрагментов коллективной памяти. Предметом исследования выступают используемые адресантом тактики, реализующие внушение и предполагающие апелляцию к психологической сфере адресата.Методология проведения работы. Обращение к коллективной памяти при формировании ценностного отношения к прошлому рассматривается в рамках теории социальной коммуникации с позиций коммуникативно-дискурсивного подхода; используются приемы дискурсивного, контекстуального, семантического анализа.Результаты. Автор показывает, как используемые в СМИ тактики способствуют снижению критичности восприятия и уменьшению переработки предъявляемой информации, возникновению эмоционального вовлечения в прошлое; определяет релевантные языковые средства.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования вносят вклад в дальнейшее изучение волюнтативной функции языка, категории персуазивности, могут выполнять иллюстративную и рекомендательную функции для институтов общественной коммуникационной системы