Formation of civil society in Ukraine in the post-soviet period

The article analyzes the main stages of formation of civil society in Ukraine since independence. Formation of the third sector, shown by the authors against the background of state policy in this area and political events in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of Ukrainian legislation, the study identifies the main stages of state policy in the field of promoting the development of civil society institutions. The analysis of statistical sources helped to establish not only the quantitative characteristics of the development of civil society institutions, but also to identify the main areas of their activities. Researchers conclude that civil society in Ukraine has developed over a long period of time against the background of sometimes contradictory state policy in this area and the lack of a broad social base for the activities of public organizations. As large masses of active, purposeful, motivated citizens who were not members of public organizations, became not only the driving force of the two revolutions to return to the ideals of freedom and equality, but also hinder the emergence of authoritarianism, and now the occupation of the country in Russian-Ukrainian war

The choice of mining development strategy based on the improved Bayes criterion

The choice of mining development strategies is based on the main indicators of mining and geological conditions that characterize mineral deposits. The purpose of the research is to argue the application of the improved Bayes criterion when choosing rational mining development strategies by taking into account the complex mining and geological conditions. The methodology of decision-making in terms of managing geotechnical systems depends on whether or not the probabilities of the conditions and dynamics of the parameters of rocks and soils are known during the development of mineral deposits, as well as the construction of infrastructure facilities. If the probabilities are unknown, then there is the problem of making decisions in the conditions of uncertainty of the initial data to assess the efficiency of the mining enterprises. And if the probabilities are known, then we are dealing with the task of making decisions in conditions of risk and assess the safety of mining operations. The improvement of the Bayes criterion enables us to determine, with an acceptable range of changes in efficiency, a strategy which provides more likely an increase in economic efficiency compared to a strategy selected using the traditional Bayes criterion