On the Indivisibility of Rights: Truth Commissions, Reparations, and the Right to Development

Mhile academics debate the ranking of rights, information from the field demonstrates their indivisibility. This Article explores how truth commissions provide rich documentation of the interrelation between violations of Civil and Political Rights (CPR) and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ESCR), using Peru\u27s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as an example. The TRC\u27s findings show how social and economic inequalities contributed to the eruption of political violence, which further exacerbated these conditions. This revelation challenged the TRC to develop a reparation plan that adequately responded to the needs of victim-survivors, while maintaining a causal link with damage caused by the conflict. Ultimately, the TRC focused narrowly on repairing damage caused by CPR violations. Yet now, almost four years later, the government confuses development with traditional reparation measures, generating criticism. The author proposes that Peru\u27s post-conflict recovery may need to accept the overlap between reparations and development to improve the well being of its intended beneficiaries

Transitional Justice in Times of Conflict: Colombia\u27s \u3cem\u3eLey de Justicia y Paz\u3c/em\u3e

The authors of this Article were committed to researching the impact of the paramilitary demobilization process on the ground -that is, conducting qualitative research that would allow us to test the validity of different debates with the goal of generating recommendations on how future conflict and post-conflict countries might benefit from the merging of DDR and transitional justice. In this text we draw upon the preliminary results of our research on the individual and collective demobilization programs. The first stage of the project included 112 in-depth interviews with demobilized combatants from the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ej rcito del Pueblo (FARC-EP) (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People\u27s Army), the Ejjrcito de Liberaci6n Nacional (ELN), and the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia)

Service-Learning as an Integrated Experience in K-5 Education: An Introduction to Resources and Information.

Some educators contend that students who engage in activities related to school subjects learn more efficiently and more effectively, and remember what they have learned much longer than students who do not. Service-Learning (S-L) can provide a central focus around which educational change can occur. Moreover, S-L enhances the ideas promoted by various circles of school reform. Theodore Sizer\u27s nine principles and David Berliner\u27s management of teaching are a few of the philosophies that provide the sound theoretic foundation for instituting S-L programs. Kate McPherson(1989) suggests S-L facilitates school reform while providing an expanded pedagogy to meet the learning styles and needs of all students, making learning relevant and exciting and necessitating critical thinking about what has been learned. Several examples of serving with meaning demonstrate the power of S-L as a classroom strategy. S-L becomes part of the educational process in elementary school programs when it is integrated into curriculum areas. This integration comes readily since S-L is often a natural extension of the content and skills already being developed in the classroom and does not distract but rather enhances existing curriculum

Transitional Justice in Times of Conflict: Colombia\u27s \u3cem\u3eLey de Justicia y Paz\u3c/em\u3e

The authors of this Article were committed to researching the impact of the paramilitary demobilization process on the ground -that is, conducting qualitative research that would allow us to test the validity of different debates with the goal of generating recommendations on how future conflict and post-conflict countries might benefit from the merging of DDR and transitional justice. In this text we draw upon the preliminary results of our research on the individual and collective demobilization programs. The first stage of the project included 112 in-depth interviews with demobilized combatants from the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ej rcito del Pueblo (FARC-EP) (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People\u27s Army), the Ejjrcito de Liberaci6n Nacional (ELN), and the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia)

SER-109: An Oral Investigational Microbiome Therapeutic for Patients with Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection (rCDI)

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is classified as an urgent health threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and affects nearly 500,000 Americans annually. Approximately 20–25% of patients with a primary infection experience a recurrence, and the risk of recurrence increases with subsequent episodes to greater than 40%. The leading risk factor for CDI is broad-spectrum antibiotics, which leads to a loss of microbial diversity and impaired colonization resistance. Current FDA-approved CDI treatment strategies target toxin or toxin-producing bacteria, but do not address microbiome disruption, which is key to the pathogenesis of recurrent CDI. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) reduces the risk of recurrent CDI through the restoration of microbial diversity. However, FDA safety alerts describing hospitalizations and deaths related to pathogen transmission have raised safety concerns with the use of unregulated and unstandardized donor-derived products. SER-109 is an investigational oral microbiome therapeutic composed of purified spore-forming Firmicutes. SER-109 was superior to a placebo in reducing CDI recurrence at Week 8 (12% vs. 40%, respectively; p \u3c 0.001) in adults with a history of recurrent CDI with a favorable observed safety profile. Here, we discuss the role of the microbiome in CDI pathogenesis and the clinical development of SER-109, including its rigorous manufacturing process, which mitigates the risk of pathogen transmission. Additionally, we discuss compositional and functional changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome in patients with recurrent CDI following treatment with SER-109 that are critical to a sustained clinical response

Nunca invisibles: insurgent memory and self-representation by female ex-combatants in Colombia

As part of attempts to end more than half century of armed conflict, transitional justice and memory initiatives have proliferated in Colombia, providing recognition and redress to victims of violence. Yet, alongside the focus on victims, former insurgents in Colombia have also called for the inclusion of their own narratives of the conflict in public memory initiatives. Responding to recent memory studies scholarship, which has begun to reorient the field away from a narrow focus on past trauma, this article analyses the construction of ‘insurgent memory’ in Colombia through the 2018 documentary Nunca Invisibles: Mujeres Farianas, Adiós a la guerra. Emerging from a grassroots memory project led by women from the FARC, I explore how the film challenges the predominant framing of ex-combatant women as victims in transitional justice and DDR scholarship. Situating this in a longer history of memory projects by female combatants, the article analyses how such projects, whilst articulating a discourse of peace and reconciliation, vindicate a narrative of female revolutionary activism and a political identity that is often erased in post-conflict “reintegration” processes. In doing so, I demonstrate the importance of creative, grassroots processes in enabling ex-combatants to represent themselves and move beyond the limitations of official memory and transitional justice frameworks