Antibacterial activities in the salivary glands of female mosquitoes Aedes aegypti

Antibacterial activities in the salivary glands of female mosquitoes Aedes aegypti were investigated in this study. The mean salivary bacteriolytic activity, during a period of 14-day of female mosquitoes exposed to five different concentrations of Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus lysodeikticus in the sucrose meal, was detected by a lysoplate method. A logarithmic regression (R²=0.73) fits the different levels of bacteriolytic activity during the entire period. As the concentration of bacteria in the sugar meal increases, the level of mean salivary bacteriolytic activity increases. A maximum level of bacteriolytic factor may exist in the salivary gland when the concentration of M. lysodeikticus in the sucrose meal exceeds 0.6 g/100 ml. One way analysis of variance and multiple range analysis for the different levels of bacteriolytic activity further validate this finding. The mortality of mosquitoes in the different treatments was not affected by the quanti ties of this nonpathogenic bacteria in the sugar meal. Salivary bacteriostatic activity of female mosquitoes against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli was not detectable in our study, despite positive preliminary results

Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Tolfenamic Acid-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

The clinical use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is limited by their poor water solubility, unstable absorption, and low bioavailability. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) exhibit high biocompatibility and the ability to improve the bioavailability of drugs with low water solubility. Therefore, in this study, a tolfenamic acid solid lipid nanoparticle (TA-SLN) suspension was prepared by a hot melt–emulsification ultrasonication method to improve the sustained release and bioavailability of TA. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the TA-SLN suspension were 82.50 ± 0.63%, 25.13 ± 0.28%, 492 ± 6.51 nm, 0.309 ± 0.02 and −21.7 ± 0.51 mV, respectively. The TA-SLN suspension was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence microscopy (FM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The TA-SLN suspension showed improved sustained drug release in vitro compared with the commercially available TA injection. After intramuscular administration to pigs (4 mg/kg), the TA-SLN suspension displayed increases in the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, T1/2, and MRT0–∞ by 4.39-, 3.78-, and 3.78-fold, respectively, compared with TA injection, and showed a relative bioavailability of 185.33%. Thus, this prepared solid lipid nanosuspension is a promising new formulation