Profiles of children’s social behaviors and peer victimization in early elementary school : sex differences and stability over time

Research suggests that younger children engage in fewer peer victimization roles, compared to their older peers (e.g., aggressor, victim, defender). Still, the development of these roles throughout early elementary school remains unclear. Additionally, aggression and social behaviors evolve differently in boys and girls, yet sex differences in these roles are not well understood. This study examined children’s profiles of involvement in physical and relational aggression, prosocial behaviors, and peer victimization in kindergarten, first and second grade by using latent profile analyses and testing profile similarity across sex and school years. Then, it examined the stability of profile membership from kindergarten to second grade before testing how early socioeconomic status predicted profile membership. The sample included 1757 children of various sociodemographic backgrounds, mostly white, from a longitudinal birth study in Canada. Boys’ profiles aligned with a four-role typology that remained consistent from kindergarten to second grade: Prosocial, normative, moderately aggressive-victimized (AV), and highly AV profiles. In kindergarten, girls’ typology also included four profiles: Prosocial, normative, relationally aggressive, and AV. By first grade, a fifth profile emerged: Victimized girls. Profile membership for both boys and girls was generally very stable over time, and low socioeconomic status predicted higher odds of belonging to any AV profiles compared to prosocial ones. These findings underscore both developmental similarities and distinctions in boys’ and girls’ social behaviors and experiences in early elementary school and the precocity of stable membership in at-risk profiles. They highlight socioeconomic status as an early risk factor that could inform prevention research. This study suggests that there are distinct, relatively stable groups of boys and girls characterized by different configurations of social behaviors and peer victimization experiences, from kindergarten through second grade. Of particular concern is the stability across time of the classification into aggressive-victimized groups, suggesting a need to identify these children early for prevention purposes, before these social behaviors and experiences become crystallized. It also highlights sex differences, where only girls showed early emergence of a combination of prosocial and aggressive behaviors, and a pattern of victimization in the absence of aggressive behaviors

The seeds of divergence: the economy of French North America, 1688 to 1760

Generally, Canada has been ignored in the literature on the colonial origins of divergence with most of the attention going to the United States. Late nineteenth century estimates of income per capita show that Canada was relatively poorer than the United States and that within Canada, the French and Catholic population of Quebec was considerably poorer. Was this gap long standing? Some evidence has been advanced for earlier periods, but it is quite limited and not well-suited for comparison with other societies. This thesis aims to contribute both to Canadian economic history and to comparative work on inequality across nations during the early modern period. With the use of novel prices and wages from Quebec—which was then the largest settlement in Canada and under French rule—a price index, a series of real wages and a measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are constructed. They are used to shed light both on the course of economic development until the French were defeated by the British in 1760 and on standards of living in that colony relative to the mother country, France, as well as the American colonies. The work is divided into three components. The first component relates to the construction of a price index. The absence of such an index has been a thorn in the side of Canadian historians as it has limited the ability of historians to obtain real values of wages, output and living standards. This index shows that prices did not follow any trend and remained at a stable level. However, there were episodes of wide swings—mostly due to wars and the monetary experiment of playing card money. The creation of this index lays the foundation of the next component. The second component constructs a standardized real wage series in the form of welfare ratios (a consumption basket divided by nominal wage rate multiplied by length of work year) to compare Canada with France, England and Colonial America. Two measures are derived. The first relies on a “bare bones” definition of consumption with a large share of land-intensive goods. This measure indicates that Canada was poorer than England and Colonial America and not appreciably richer than France. However, this measure overestimates the relative position of Canada to the Old World because of the strong presence of land-intensive goods. A second measure is created using a “respectable” definition of consumption in which the basket includes a larger share of manufactured goods and capital-intensive goods. This second basket better reflects differences in living standards since the abundance of land in Canada (and Colonial America) made it easy to achieve bare subsistence, but the scarcity of capital and skilled labor made the consumption of luxuries and manufactured goods (clothing, lighting, imported goods) highly expensive. With this measure, the advantage of New France over France evaporates and turns slightly negative. In comparison with Britain and Colonial America, the gap widens appreciably. This element is the most important for future research. By showing a reversal because of a shift to a different type of basket, it shows that Old World and New World comparisons are very sensitive to how we measure the cost of living. Furthermore, there are no sustained improvements in living standards over the period regardless of the measure used. Gaps in living standards observed later in the nineteenth century existed as far back as the seventeenth century. In a wider American perspective that includes the Spanish colonies, Canada fares better. The third component computes a new series for Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is to avoid problems associated with using real wages in the form of welfare ratios which assume a constant labor supply. This assumption is hard to defend in the case of Colonial Canada as there were many signs of increasing industriousness during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The GDP series suggest no long-run trend in living standards (from 1688 to circa 1765). The long peace era of 1713 to 1740 was marked by modest economic growth which offset a steady decline that had started in 1688, but by 1760 (as a result of constant warfare) living standards had sunk below their 1688 levels. These developments are accompanied by observations that suggest that other indicators of living standard declined. The flat-lining of incomes is accompanied by substantial increases in the amount of time worked, rising mortality and rising infant mortality. In addition, comparisons of incomes with the American colonies confirm the results obtained with wages— Canada was considerably poorer. At the end, a long conclusion is provides an exploratory discussion of why Canada would have diverged early on. In structural terms, it is argued that the French colony was plagued by the problem of a small population which prohibited the existence of scale effects. In combination with the fact that it was dispersed throughout the territory, the small population of New France limited the scope for specialization and economies of scale. However, this problem was in part created, and in part aggravated, by institutional factors like seigneurial tenure. The colonial origins of French America’s divergence from the rest of North America are thus partly institutional

Le Théâtre français au moyen âge, par Johan Mortensen

Langlois Ernest. Le Théâtre français au moyen âge, par Johan Mortensen. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 1903, tome 64. pp. 635-638

Petite phonétique du français prélittéraire (VI-X siècles) par Paul Marchot

Langlois Ernest. Petite phonétique du français prélittéraire (VI-X siècles) par Paul Marchot . In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 1902, tome 63. p. 137

Les Personnages de l'épopée romane, par le vicomte Ch. de la Lande de Calan

Langlois Ernest. Les Personnages de l'épopée romane, par le vicomte Ch. de la Lande de Calan. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 1901, tome 62. pp. 114-116

- Les Chansons de Guillaume IX, duc d'Aquitaine (1011-1121), éditées par Alfred Jeanroy. (Les Classiques français du moyen âge, publiés sous la direction de Mario Roques. Paris, librairie Champion, IX.) - Philippe de Novare. Mémoires (1218-1243), édités par Charles Kohler, (Même collection, X.) - Les Poésies de Peire Vidal, éditées par Joseph Anglade. (Même collection, XL) - Béroul. Le Roman de Tristan, poème du xne siècle, édité par Ernest Muret. (Même collection, XII.) - Huon le Roi de Cambrai. Œuvres, éditées par Artur Langfors. I : Abc, Ave Maria, La Descrission des Religions. (Même collection, XIII.)

Langlois Ernest. - Les Chansons de Guillaume IX, duc d'Aquitaine (1011-1121), éditées par Alfred Jeanroy. (Les Classiques français du moyen âge, publiés sous la direction de Mario Roques. Paris, librairie Champion, IX.) - Philippe de Novare. Mémoires (1218-1243), édités par Charles Kohler, (Même collection, X.) - Les Poésies de Peire Vidal, éditées par Joseph Anglade. (Même collection, XL) - Béroul. Le Roman de Tristan, poème du xne siècle, édité par Ernest Muret. (Même collection, XII.) - Huon le Roi de Cambrai. Œuvres, éditées par Artur Langfors. I : Abc, Ave Maria, La Descrission des Religions. (Même collection, XIII.). In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 1914, tome 75. pp. 110-115

Paul Meyer. Notice sur la Bible des sept états du monde, de Geufroi de Paris.

Langlois Ernest. Paul Meyer. Notice sur la Bible des sept états du monde, de Geufroi de Paris.. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 1909, tome 70. pp. 574-575

Un devancier de Cotgrave. La vie et les oeuvres de Claude de Sainliens, alias Claudius Holyband, par Lucy E. Farrer

Langlois Ernest. Un devancier de Cotgrave. La vie et les oeuvres de Claude de Sainliens, alias Claudius Holyband, par Lucy E. Farrer. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 1909, tome 70. p. 137

Manser

Langlois Ernest. Manser. In: Romania, tome 45 n°178, 1919. pp. 259-261