Molecular identification and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from urine samples of African buffalo, eland and cattle

Presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in natural environment is an escalating risk of serious implication on human and animal health. Livestock and wildlife have been long recognized as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant bacteria. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge regarding the potential of livestock and wildlife urine to act as transmission corridor for the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The present study aimed at evaluating antibiotic susceptibility patterns and molecular identification of bacteria isolated from livestock and wildlife urine samples. A total of 19 different bacteria isolated from urine samples of African buffalo, eland and cattle were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test. The isolates showed diverse susceptibility patterns against co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxycillin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Of the tested isolates, 73.7 % were exhibited resistance while 31.6 % were intermediate to the range of antibiotics tested. High resistance prevalence to amoxicillin (58%), tetracycline (26 %) and co-trimoxazole (11%) by the tested bacteria was observed. This study reveals the bacteria associated with African buffalo, eland and cattle urine as potential candidates for antibiotic resistance. This information demonstrates the need for measures to be adopted to limit the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wildlife and livestock reservoirs

Antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from chicken droppings in Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract Objective Increase in antimicrobial resistance is a threat to health sector globally. Surveillance on the spread and emergence of antimicrobial resistance is therefore invertible. This study investigated prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli, molecularly characterized their antimicrobial resistance patterns and spread among resistant isolates from chicken droppings. Results A total of 150 chicken households were selected randomly within Nairobi and fresh chicken droppings collected. Salmonella and Escherichia coli were isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility test carried out. Beta-lactamase genes and class 1 integrons were determined among amoxicillin resistant isolates. Isolates carrying TEM gene were further subjected to (GTG)5 PCR genotyping. Of the analysed samples, 57% and 12% contained Escherichia coli and Salmonella respectively. Most of the isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics with exemption of 53% of the isolates that were resistant to amoxicillin. The isolates were detected with TEM (46%), CTX-M (18%) resistance genes and class 1 integrons (25%). The study reveals presence of beta-lactamase genes and class 1 integrons across Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from droppings of reared chicken. Therefore, the wide distribution of chicken and their fecal waste is likely to increase development of antibiotic resistance