\u27At the Greatest Personal Peril to the Photographer\u27: The Schwatka-Haynes Winter Expedition in Yellowstone, 1887

Explorer Frederick Schwatka and photographer F. Jay Haynes led an expedition into Yellowstone National Park during January 1887, amid one of the worst winters in the northern Rocky Mountains. The party traveled by ski and snowshoe, but Schwatka suffered physical collapse and dropped out. Haynes and others continued through brutal weather at great personal peril and photographed the major geysers and scenic attractions. Includes biographical information on Schwatka and Haynes and photographs from the expedition

The Columbia River\u27s Fate in the Twentieth Century

Discusses the history of the Columbia River during the 20th century, emphasizing the image of the river as both a source of industry and an example of wild natural beauty. In 1933 the river was dammed to harness its power for hydroelectricity and control its unpredictable flooding. With the completion of the dams in the 1970\u27s, however, came problems with the edenic vision of the river, especially with the annual salmon run. By the late 20th century, the salmon had all but disappeared, leading to an ongoing conflict between supporters of the dams and conservationists

Where did the Nez Perces go in Yellowstone in 1877?

Examines the events surrounding the surrender of the Nez Perces tribe in the Nez Perce War of 1877 in Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. The tribe surrendered in Montana, only about 40 miles from the safety of the border with Canada, after allowing General Nelson A. Miles\u27s troops to catch up while they spent two weeks in Yellowstone. Why the tribe made this stop, and what they did while in Yellowstone has puzzled historians. A popular explanation based on the testimony of a hostage of the tribe has been that the tribe became lost in Yellowstone, but a reconstruction of the movements of the tribe in the park calls this theory into question. It is likely that they were hunting in Yellowstone, and resting after a long chase

Corporate Point Men and the Creation of the Montana Central Railroad, 1882-87

On 21 November 1887, a crowd jammed Ming\u27s Opera House in Helena, Montana, to celebrate the completion of the Montana Central Railway, a branch line of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway. Sharing the Opera House stage that day were railroad executives and managers from the East, Montana politicians, and local businessmen. Their reason for celebration was three-fold. First, because Montalaans had struggled for more than a decade to get rail connections, sometimes nearly making unwise and unnecessary deals with railroad corporations, getting a railroad to build through Montana was cause for celebration.Second, the Montana Central brought with it the promise of breaking an oppressive rail agreement that had weighed heavily on Montana. The Union Pacific, which had built to Butte in 1881, and the Northern Pacific, which had completed its transcontinental road through Helena in 1883, had concocted a rate pool agreement that set artificially high freight rates. Third, the completion of the Montana Central ended a bitter economic and political war that had divided businessmen and split up political alliances within the city.

Dissecting the Columbia: Lewis and Clark West of the Divide

Introduces a special issue of the \u27Oregon Historical Quarterly\u27 on the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the area west of the Continental Divide. The issue deals with the explorers\u27 descriptions of the Columbia River Basin and its flora, fauna, native people, and geography; the accuracy of their scientific observations; their geographic discoveries; and other topics

Describing a New Environment: Lewis and Clark and Enlightenment Science in the Columbia River Basin

As part of a special issue of the \u27Oregon Historical Quarterly,\u27 examines the scientific aspect of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, focusing on the gathering, cataloging, and describing of plants and animals in the Columbia River Basin. Instructed by Thomas Jefferson to gather information on new species of plants and animals, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark collected specimens as they crossed the Continental Divide and entered the Columbia River Basin. Although Lewis generally held a negative view of the Indians the expedition encountered, he recorded their use of fish, plants, and game animals, and the Corps of Discovery traded with the Indians for food. Lewis and Clark stayed for some time at the Great Falls of the Columbia, Fort Clatsop on the coast, and Camp Chopunish on the Clearwater River in Idaho, noting the edibility and nutritional quality of previously unknown plants such as camas, cous, and other root foods. They wrote directly and without interpretation, fulfilling the goal of gathering scientific informatio

AMERICANS AND GM FOOD: KNOWLEDGE, OPINION AND INTEREST IN 2004

This report presents the results from the third in a series of studies examining public perception of genetically modified (GM) food in the United States. All three studies were based on survey results of separate, nationally representative samples of approximately 1,200 Americans taken in 2001, 2003, and 2004. While the survey instrument on which the current report is based maintained many of the same measures of awareness and attitude as its two predecessors, it also included several new queries that assess the ability of respondents to recall specific news stories related to GM food, their interest in the topic, and where they would go to look for new information. Many questions that were repeated from previous years have changed considerably in the current survey. Some of the classic measures of awareness and opinion now incorporate an "unsure" response as choice supplied by the interviewer. While respondents were allowed to volunteer this response in the past, explicitly providing this option to respondents reduced guessing on knowledge-based questions and encouraged a more accurate representation of opinion than in the past. The report begins with an investigation of Americans' awareness and knowledge about the topic in general, their ability to recall related news stories, familiarity with laws and regulations as well as other questions designed to get at highly specific knowledge about agricultural biotechnology. Next, it details the effect of the new survey methodology on reported opinions about plant-based and animal-based GM food. Finally, it delves into a number of novel findings about interest in hypothetical television shows about GM food, desire for information on food labels, and reported behavior with regards to information seeking. Consistent with results from our previous studies and others, these findings suggest that the American public is generally unaware of GM food. Most Americans have heard or read little about it, are not aware of its prevalence in their lives, and are confused as to which type of GM products are available. Respondents struggled with factual questions related to GM food and the science behind it, could not recall news stories related to the topic, and were not very knowledgeable about laws regarding the labeling and testing of GM food. Americans are also unsure of their opinions about GM food and split in their assessments of the technology when forced to take a position. Americans say they are interested in the topic of GM food, specifically those topics related to human health. Respondents say they desire more information on food labels and report that they would like to see GM foods labeled as such. The majority of Americans admit they have never looked for information about GM food and most say they will search the Internet should the need arise.Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

An Actuator with Magnetic Restoration, Part II: Drive Circuit and Control Loops

In part II, an op-amp-based drive is proposed and designed. Subsequently, a very accurate model for the drive circuit and the current loop is developed as a simulation platform, while its simplified version is derived, tailored for efficient design purposes. Through a comprehensive evaluation, the accuracy and efficacy of both the actuator and drive circuit modeling is scrutinized, showcasing their superiorities over existing approaches. The importance of eddy current modeling is underscored. Also, the effectiveness of the designed current loop and its practical trade-offs are engineered and discussed. Then, three DSP-based position control techniques are implemented: pole placement with voltage drive, pole placement with current drive, and nonlinear control with feed linearization. Both full-order and reduced-order observers are leveraged to estimate the unmeasured states. The performance of control designs across various applications are evaluated through indices such as rise time, overshoot, steady-state error, and large-signal tracking in the step response as well as bandwidth, robustness, phase margin, sensitivity, disturbance rejection, and noise rejection in the frequency domain. The distinctive features of implemented control strategy are compared, offering a nuanced discussion of their respective advantages and drawbacks, shedding light on their potential applications

An Actuator with Magnetic Restoration, Part I: Electromechanical Model and Identification

Electromechanical models are crucial in the design and control of motors and actuators. Modeling, identification, drive, and current control loop of a limited-rotation actuator with magnetic restoration is presented. New nonlinear and linearized electromechanical models are developed for the design of the drive as well as small and large signal controls of the actuator. To attain a higher accuracy and an efficient design, and the eddy-currents in the laminations and magnet are modeled. This involves analytically solving 1-D and 2-D diffusion equations, leading to the derivation of a lumped-element circuit for system-level analyses, such as control system design. Additionally, the study analyzes and incorporates the impact of pre-sliding friction. The actuator is prototyped, and the paper delves into the identification of the model, presenting a procedure for parameter extraction. A close agreement is observed between the results obtained from the model, finite element analysis, and experimental results. The superiority of the proposed model over previous approaches is highlighted. Part II of the paper is dedicated to the drive circuit, the current control, as well as linear and nonlinear position control system designs

Emergency Preparedness Training for Hospital Nursing Staff, New York City, 2012–2016

Purpose Many nurses are trained inadequately in emergency preparedness (EP), preventing them from effectively executing response roles during disasters, such as chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) events. Nurses also indicate lacking confidence in their abilities to perform EP activities. The purpose of this article is to describe the phased development of, and delivery strategies for, a CBRNE curriculum to enhance EP among nursing professionals. The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) and the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia University's Earth Institute led the initiative. Methods Curriculum development included four phases. In Phases I and II, nursing staff at 20 participating NYC hospitals conducted 7,177 surveys and participated in 20 focus groups to identify training gaps in EP. In Phase III, investigators developed and later refined the CBRNE curriculum based on gaps identified. In Phase IV, 22 nurse educators (representing 7 of the original 20 participating hospitals) completed train‐the‐trainer sessions. Of these nurse educators, three were evaluated on their ability to train other nurses using the curriculum, which investigators finalized. Findings The CBRNE curriculum included six modules, a just‐in‐time training, and an online annual refresher course that addressed EP gaps identified in surveys and focus groups. Among the 11 nurses who were trained by three nurse educators during a pilot training, participant knowledge of CBRNE events and response roles increased from an average of 54% (range 45%–75%) on the pre‐test to 89% (range 80%–90%) on the posttest. Conclusions By participating in nursing CBRNE training, nurses increased their knowledge of and preparedness to respond to disasters. The train‐the‐trainer curriculum is easily adaptable to meet the needs of other healthcare settings. Clinical Relevance The CBRNE curriculum can be used to train nurses to better prepare for and more effectively respond to disasters