7 research outputs found
Reconsidering the Chinggisids' sons-in-laws : lessons from the United Empire
This paper discusses an important aspect of the Chinggisid matrimonial relations during the United Empire period (1206â1259), namely the phenomenon of the âsons-in-lawâ (gĂŒregens/kĂŒregens) of the Golden lineage. The paper provides an overall analysis of all the matrimonial ties with different tribal, ethnic, and political entities from the Mongolian plateau to the Caucasus and suggests that we consider the establishment of such ties as a thought through strategic policy. The gĂŒregens of the Golden lineage will, therefore, be analysed as one of the institutions of the Mongol power hierarchy, highlighting its rather unique position vis-a-vis the other power groups in the Mongol political architecture, such as nökers and keshig
TĂŒraqai GĂŒregen (d. 1296â7) and His Lineage: History of a Cross-Asia Journey
The history of the Mongol conquests in Eurasia was not least the history of the numerous migrations of masses of people across the continent. This essay discusses one specific case study, namely that of the Mongol commander and Chinggisid imperial son-in-law TĂŒraqai of the Oyirad tribe and his lineage throughout the thirteenth century. He himself was probably born in Iran or Iraq. His family, however, came from Mongolia to Iran during the Mongol conquests. The article discusses TĂŒraqaiâs life, in particular his (and his armyâs) flight from the Ilkhanate to the MamlĆ«k Sultanate in 1296. He also made an unsuccessful attempt to become part of the MamlĆ«k military, which costed him and his close supporters their lives. Looking through the lenses of this biographical narrative, the essay presents a broader picture of the military nomadic migrations in Chinggisid Eurasia and their mechanisms. The essay also pays special attention to the position of the Chinggisid sons-in-law, who held a highly respected status in the Mongol political architecture. Additionally, it highlights some main issues related to the migration of the nomadic tribes and their resettlement in the newly conquered areas under the Mongol rule, such as assimilation, conversion to Islam and the different dimensions of their relations with the local populations
Reconsidering the Chinggisidsâ Sons-in-Laws: Lessons from the United Empire
This paper discusses an important aspect of the Chinggisid matrimonial relations during the United Empire period (1206â1259), namely the phenomenon of the âsons-in-lawâ (gĂŒregens/kĂŒregens) of the Golden lineage. The paper provides an overall analysis of all the matrimonial ties with different tribal, ethnic, and political entities from the Mongolian plateau to the Caucasus and suggests that we consider the establishment of such ties as a thought through strategic policy. The gĂŒregens of the Golden lineage will, therefore, be analysed as one of the institutions of the Mongol power hierarchy, highlighting its rather unique position vis-a-vis the other power groups in the Mongol political architecture, such as nökers and keshig
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Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment (MSR XIX, 2016)
From Mongolia to KhwÄrazm: The Qonggirad Migrations in the Jochid Ulus (13th.-15th. c.)
Abstract: The article discusses the Qonggirad migration to the Jochid ulus in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests as well as the roles the Qonggirad elite played in the Jochid and KhwÄrazmian political history in the late 13th â early 15th centuries. Based on genealogical and numismatic analyses, this paper, on the one hand, provides insights into the formation and developments of the autonomous Qonggirad power in KhwÄrazm in the second half of the 14th century and, on the other hand, stresses the importance of the Islamisation for the Mongol tribal eliteâs accustomisation to the regional and geopolitical historical setting during the troubled period of 1359-1380s in the Jochid ulus
La Horde d'Or et l'islamisation des steppes eurasiatiques
Les conversions des khans Berke (1257-67) et Ăzbeg (1312-41) eurent un immense retentissement dans le dÄr al-islÄm et au-delĂ de ses frontiĂšres. Les souverains de la Horde dâOr furent les premiers descendants de Gengis Khan Ă prendre le titre de sultan. Leurs orientations politiques et religieuses eurent des consĂ©quences Ă long terme en Asie Centrale, en Russie et en Europe, oĂč lâislamisation de nombreuses communautĂ©s date de la pĂ©riode mongole. Le passage Ă lâislam alla de pair avec des rituels et des rĂšgles de vie collective, lâacceptation dâun systĂšme Ă©conomique et monĂ©taire, et la construction dâune histoire commune. En milieu nomade, les rĂ©cits de conversion se substituĂšrent aux rĂ©cits dâorigine en tant que narration du moment fondateur de la communautĂ©. Quelles furent les consĂ©quences politiques de la tolĂ©rance religieuse des Mongols ? Peut-on parler dâun islam des steppes, associĂ© Ă des pratiques funĂ©raires particuliĂšres ? Qui furent les acteurs de la transmission de lâislam et quels Ă©taient leurs modes de prosĂ©lytisme au sein de la Horde dâOr ? Les artisans, les lettrĂ©s, et les bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de privilĂšges impĂ©riaux ont-ils jouĂ© un rĂŽle plus important que les soufis? Enfin, doit-on Ă©tablir un lien entre turquisation et islamisation ? Ce numĂ©ro de la Remmm, qui rĂ©unit quatorze historiens, historiens dâart et archĂ©ologues dâune dizaine de pays, apporte des rĂ©ponses concrĂštes Ă ces questions et propose de nouvelles pistes de recherche Ă la lumiĂšre de sources mĂ©connues. Il offre un Ă©clairage inĂ©dit sur un phĂ©nomĂšne complexe touchant des rĂ©gions qui sâĂ©tendent de la Chine Ă la Bulgarie. The conversions of the khans Berke (1257-67) and Ăzbeg (1312-41) had a major impact on the dÄr al-islÄm and beyond its frontiers. The rulers of the Golden Horde were the first descendants of Chinggis Khan to bear the title of âsultanâ. Their political and religious policies had long-standing consequences in Central Asia, Russia, and Europe, where many communities converted to Islam during the Mongol period. Adopting Islam implied the acceptance of new rituals and rules for collective life, it meant entering into new economic and monetary systems, and building a new common history. In the nomadic world, conversion stories often replaced older legends of origin as the foundational narratives of peoples and communities. What were the political implications of Mongol religious tolerance? Can we discern the âIslamisation of the Steppeâ through distinctive burial practices? Who were the agents of Islamisation and how did they proselytize within the Golden Horde? Did craftsmen, literati, and holders of imperial grants play a more important role in the transmission of Islam than Sufis? And, finally, should we see a link between Turkicisation and Islamisation? This volume brings together fourteen historians, art historians, and archaeologists, from ten countries, to discuss these issues. By analysing unpublished and little known sources, they open new paths for research and shed light on a complex phenomenon that spread from China to Bulgaria