Politiche della casa in Europa. Differenze nazionali e tendenze unificanti dell'housing sociale.

Housing policies in Europe: national differences and unifying tendencies of social housing. - The features of present housing issue ask for new keys, both from the analytical point of view and from that of the policies. One of the most interesting field of anlaysis is represented by the kaleidoscope of different experiences of social housing in Europe. This article aims to go in depth into this hetereogenity and to define a possible model of European social housing. The contribution is organized into five parts: the first one aims to clarify the key terms of the debate; the second one highlights the differences that characterize European countries housing management. In the third part the attention is focused on European Union in order to follow the evolution of its role in social housing from the Eighties to nowadays; opportunities and limits of the multilevel relationships between actors are analyzed in the fourth part; in the conclusions, finally, the focus is on social housing as a way to explain the characters that influence urban spaces of neoliberalism. The changes in housing policies in different European countries, strongly encouraged by the Eu agenda for competitiveness, are evolving towards neoliberal models that rarely assure not only economic but also social and territorial benefits, as the differences between the unitarian and dualistic systems of rental sector prove. Les politiques du logement en Europe. Différences nationales et tendances unifiantes de l'habitat social. - Les caractères de l'actuelle question du logement exigent, soit du point de vue analytique et soit du point de vue des politiques, des nouvelles clefs de lecture. Un des domaines les plus intéressants pour cet exercice est celui-là concernant l'habitat social où l'Europe apparaît comme un tableau de expériences très differentes. Cet article veut approfondir cette hétérogéneité et s'interroger sur le modèle vers auquel on est en train de s'addresser. Cette contribution se déroule autour de certains passages principaux: après avoir clarifié les termes du débat, on analyse les différences qui caractérisent, du point de vue de l'organization et de la gestion, les Pays européens. Dans le troisième passage l'attention se concentre sur le niveau de l'Union européenne pour reconstituer l'évolution de son rôle dès les années Quatre-Vingts jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Ensuite on va souligner les possibilités et les limites qui se dégagent dès les relations multi-niveau entre les acteurs engagés. Dans le dernier passage on s'interroge si et dans quelle façon l'habitat sociale offre des outils efficaces pour développer des raisonnements sur les caractères des espaces urbains du néolibéralisme. Les changements des politiques du logement dans les différents Pays européens, encouragés par les impulsions vers la compétitivité de l'Union européenne, sont en train de évoluer vers des modèles du néolibéralisme qui n'arrivent pas toujours à garantir des avantages économiques et, au même temps, sociaux et territoriaux, comme on peut le voir dans les différences entre les systèmes unitaires et dualistiques dans le domain de la location.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Società di Studi Geografici in Rivista Geografica Italiana Vol. 116, Issue 3, pp. 349-378

Fast high‐resolution electric properties tomography using three‐dimensional quantitative transient‐state imaging‐based water fraction estimation

In this study, we aimed to develop a fast and robust high-resolution technique for clinically feasible electrical properties tomography based on water content maps (wEPT) using Quantitative Transient-state Imaging (QTI), a multiparametric transient state-based method that is similar to MR fingerprinting. Compared with the original wEPT implementation based on standard spin-echo acquisition, QTI provides robust electrical properties quantification towards B1+ inhomogeneities and full quantitative relaxometry data. To validate the proposed approach, 3D QTI data of 12 healthy volunteers were acquired on a 1.5 T scanner. QTI-provided T1 maps were used to compute water content maps of the tissues using an empirical relationship based on literature ex-vivo measurements. Assuming that electrical properties are modulated mainly by tissue water content, the water content maps were used to derive electrical conductivity and relative permittivity maps. The proposed technique was compared with a conventional phase-only Helmholtz EPT (HH-EPT) acquisition both within whole white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid masks, and within different white and gray matter subregions. In addition, QTI-based wEPT was retrospectively applied to four multiple sclerosis adolescent and adult patients, compared with conventional contrast-weighted imaging in terms of lesion delineation, and quantitatively assessed by measuring the variation of electrical properties in lesions. Results obtained with the proposed approach agreed well with theoretical predictions and previous in vivo findings in both white and gray matter. The reconstructed maps showed greater anatomical detail and lower variability compared with standard phase-only HH-EPT. The technique can potentially improve delineation of pathology when compared with conventional contrast-weighted imaging and was able to detect significant variations in lesions with respect to normal-appearing tissues. In conclusion, QTI can reliably measure conductivity and relative permittivity of brain tissues within a short scan time, opening the way to the study of electric properties in clinical settings.Quantitative transient-state imaging is used to perform EPT based on water content on healthy volunteers and MS patients at 1.5 T. Conductivity and permittivity maps agreed with theoretical predictions and previous in vivo findings, showing higher anatomical detail and lower variability compared with standard HH-EPT and detecting alterations in lesions.imag

Differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias with the explainable MRI based machine learning algorithm MUQUBIA

Biomarker-based differential diagnosis of the most common forms of dementia is becoming increasingly important. Machine learning (ML) may be able to address this challenge. The aim of this study was to develop and interpret a ML algorithm capable of differentiating Alzheimer's dementia, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and cognitively normal control subjects based on sociodemographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables. 506 subjects from 5 databases were included. MRI images were processed with FreeSurfer, LPA, and TRACULA to obtain brain volumes and thicknesses, white matter lesions and diffusion metrics. MRI metrics were used in conjunction with clinical and demographic data to perform differential diagnosis based on a Support Vector Machine model called MUQUBIA (Multimodal Quantification of Brain whIte matter biomArkers). Age, gender, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Dementia Staging Instrument, and 19 imaging features formed the best set of discriminative features. The predictive model performed with an overall Area Under the Curve of 98%, high overall precision (88%), recall (88%), and F1 scores (88%) in the test group, and good Label Ranking Average Precision score (0.95) in a subset of neuropathologically assessed patients. The results of MUQUBIA were explained by the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. The MUQUBIA algorithm successfully classified various dementias with good performance using cost-effective clinical and MRI information, and with independent validation, has the potential to assist physicians in their clinical diagnosis

Politiche della casa in Europa. Differenze nazionali e tendenze unificanti dell'housing sociale

Housing policies in Europe: national differences and unifying tendencies of social housing. - The features of present housing issue ask for new keys, both from the analytical point of view and from that of the policies. One of the most interesting field of anlaysis is represented by the kaleidoscope of different experiences of social housing in Europe. This article aims to go in depth into this hetereogenity and to define a possible model of European social housing. The contribution is organized into five parts: the first one aims to clarify the key terms of the debate; the second one highlights the differences that characterize European countries housing management. In the third part the attention is focused on European Union in order to follow the evolution of its role in social housing from the Eighties to nowadays; opportunities and limits of the multilevel relationships between actors are analyzed in the fourth part; in the conclusions, finally, the focus is on social housing as a way to explain the characters that influence urban spaces of neoliberalism. The changes in housing policies in different European countries, strongly encouraged by the Eu agenda for competitiveness, are evolving towards neoliberal models that rarely assure not only economic but also social and territorial benefits, as the differences between the unitarian and dualistic systems of rental sector prove. Les politiques du logement en Europe. Différences nationales et tendances unifiantes de l'habitat social. - Les caractères de l'actuelle question du logement exigent, soit du point de vue analytique et soit du point de vue des politiques, des nouvelles clefs de lecture. Un des domaines les plus intéressants pour cet exercice est celui-là concernant l'habitat social où l'Europe apparaît comme un tableau de expériences très differentes. Cet article veut approfondir cette hétérogéneité et s'interroger sur le modèle vers auquel on est en train de s'addresser. Cette contribution se déroule autour de certains passages principaux: après avoir clarifié les termes du débat, on analyse les différences qui caractérisent, du point de vue de l'organization et de la gestion, les Pays européens. Dans le troisième passage l'attention se concentre sur le niveau de l'Union européenne pour reconstituer l'évolution de son rôle dès les années Quatre-Vingts jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Ensuite on va souligner les possibilités et les limites qui se dégagent dès les relations multi-niveau entre les acteurs engagés. Dans le dernier passage on s'interroge si et dans quelle façon l'habitat sociale offre des outils efficaces pour développer des raisonnements sur les caractères des espaces urbains du néolibéralisme. Les changements des politiques du logement dans les différents Pays européens, encouragés par les impulsions vers la compétitivité de l'Union européenne, sont en train de évoluer vers des modèles du néolibéralisme qui n'arrivent pas toujours à garantir des avantages économiques et, au même temps, sociaux et territoriaux, comme on peut le voir dans les différences entre les systèmes unitaires et dualistiques dans le domain de la location

Le politiche della casa in Europa (Housing policies in Europe)

Housing policies in Europe: national differences and unifying tendencies of social housing. - The features of present housing issue ask for new keys, both from the analytical point of view and from that of the policies. One of the most interesting field of anlaysis is represented by the kaleidoscope of different experiences of social housing in Europe. This article aims to go in depth into this hetereogenity and to define a possible model of European social housing. The contribution is organized into five parts: the first one aims to clarify the key terms of the debate; the second one highlights the differences that characterize European countries housing management. In the third part the attention is focused on European Union in order to follow the evolution of its role in social housing from the Eighties to nowadays; opportunities and limits of the multilevel relationships between actors are analyzed in the fourth part; finally the focus is on social housing as a way to explain the characters that influence urban spaces of neoliberalism. The changes in housing policies in different European countries, changes that are encouraged by the EU agenda for competitiveness, are evolving towards neoliberal models that rarely assure not only economic but also social and territorial benefits, as the differences between the unitarian and dualistic systems of rental sector prove