BLA reversible blockade and fear memory consolidation.

<p><b>A.</b> BLA role in fear memory consolidation was studied by injecting into this site a) muscimol (M) 5 min after training; b) muscimol (M) 5, 90 and 180 min; c) anisomycin (A) 5 min; d) anisomycin (A) 6 h after training. <b>B.</b> Histological control of the location of anisomycin injection into BLA (magnification 10X). Scale bars, 200 µm. <b>C.</b> Memory retention tested in conditioned (C) subjects and in those that received one (M) or three (3M) injection of muscimol, anisomycin (A) 5 min or 6 h (A 6 h) after conditioning.</p

BLA inactivation during fear memory consolidation affects learning-induced LTP in cerebellum when performed 5 min, but not 6 h, after training.

<p><b>A</b>. Representative traces of PF-PC EPSC from conditioned animals and from those that received anisomycin 5 min or 6 h after acquisition. <b>B</b>. Input-output data from conditioned subjects (circle), and those injected with anisomycin 5 min (square) and 6 h (triangle) after training. <b>C</b>. Paired-pulse facilitation in the three groups. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.</p

Pretraining BLA inactivation prevents learning-induced LTP in cerebellum.

<p><b>A.</b> Electrophysiological recordings were performed on lobules V and VI (gray area) of cerebellar vermis. <b>B</b>. PF-PC EPSCs were recorded (R) at the PC soma by stimulating (S) PF in the molecular layer. <b>C.</b> Input-output data from naïve (square), conditioned (circle) and muscimol-injected (triangle) animals. <b>D.</b> Representative traces of EPSCs obtained by paired PF stimuli with 100 ms interval in naïve, conditioned and muscimol-injected subjects. <b>E.</b> Paired-pulse facilitation is similar in the three groups. All values are mean ± SEM.</p

Exome sequencing identified two missense variants of <i>WNK1</i> in POP patients.

<p>(A and B) Sanger sequencing chromatograms of the two <i>WNK1</i> mutations. The positions of the mutations are indicated by an arrow. (C) Comparative protein alignment of WNK1 protein in <i>Homo sapiens</i>, <i>Pan paniscus</i>, <i>Macaca mulatta</i>, <i>Rattus norvegicus</i>, <i>Mus musculus</i>, <i>Xenopus</i> and <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. The mutated amino acids were shown in red. (D) DNA sequence chromatograms showing de novo heterozygous mutation of c.2668G > A (p.G890R) in P142. (E) Schematic representation of the human <i>WNK1</i> gene (top) and protein (bottom). WNK1 contains 2,642 amino acids, serine/threonine protein kinases catalytic domain included. The mutated amino acids (*) are highlighted in red.</p

Effects of pretraining BLA inactivation on spontaneous and conditioned fear behavior.

<p><b>A.</b> Experimental design. The arrow indicates pretraining muscimol (M) injection. <b>B.</b> Photomicrograph (magnification 4X) showing the position of the needle track in animals that received muscimol into BLA. Scale bars, 300 µm. <b>C.</b> Spontaneous activities showed by control (filled columns) and muscimol-injected (empty columns) animals before shock presentation. <b>D.</b> Long-term memory retention evaluated 24 h after conditioning by measuring freezing 2 min before (gray columns) and during CS presentation (filled columns). All values are mean ± SEM.</p

Overview of exome sequencing data.

<p>Overview of exome sequencing data.</p

Location of 8 novel variants identified in 161 POP patients through Sanger sequencing.

<p>The p.E401K variant was detected in 2 unrelated cases.</p

Fibroblasts from POP patients who carried the c.2668G > A (p.G890R) mutation of <i>WNK1</i> showing irregular alignment.

<p>(A) Fibroblasts from utero-sacral ligaments were cultured <i>in vitro</i> for 25 days. Control: healthy individuals; POP: POP cases with a <i>WNK1</i> mutation. (B) Most cells were vimentin positive and cytokeratin negative, which suggests they were fibroblasts.</p

Brief information regarding the variants that occurred in at least two patients after filtering.

<p>¹Chromosomal positions are based on hg19 and dbSNP Build 137;</p><p>²Functional data are from PubMed searches and the 1000 Genomes Project.</p><p>Brief information regarding the variants that occurred in at least two patients after filtering.</p

A gel image of ‘Zebra’ common bermudagrass and its 60 progenies amplified with SSR CDGA8-1765/1766.

<p>The band pattern of Zebra (P) was coded as “Aa”, and a progeny band pattern coded as “AA” if one upper band, “Aa” if two bands, and “aa” if one lower band. A missing lane was labeled as ‘M’. Standard size markers were loaded on first and last lanes.</p