Food Retailers' Pricing and Marketing Strategies, with Implications for Producers

This paper examines grocery retailers' ability to influence prices charged to consumers and paid to suppliers. We discuss how retailer market power manifests itself in terms of pricing and marketing strategies by setting forth and offering evidence in support of eight "stylized facts" of retailer pricing and brand decisions. We argue that little, if any, of this behavior can be explained by a model of a competitive, price-taking retailer, but that most of the indicated behavior was also inconsistent with traditional models of market power. Finally, we discuss the impacts of aspects of this retailer behavior on the upstream farm sector.grocery retailer, market power, price spread, sales, Agribusiness, Marketing,

The Development of Militant Organizations’ Print Media in Pakistan

The militant organizations’ print media in Pakistan also could be called jihad media, new media or radical media. Different from the mainstream media in Pakistan, the media of militant organizations were one of the alternative media. The media of militant organizations originated in 1979, since the outset of the war between Soviet Union and Afghanistan. The media of militant organizations’ rise had deep ideological roots. And the media of militant organizations were influenced by social environment in Pakistan at that time. This paper was focused on the rising and preliminary developments of the militant organizations’ print media in Pakistan. The militant organizations’ print media in Pakistan were closely related in Pakistani media situation. Terrorist activities were now rampant around the world. So, it had great practical significance to study the history and operation of the militant organizations’ print media