Variants of the low oxygen sensors EGLN1 and HIF-1AN associated with acute mountain sickness.

Two low oxygen sensors, Egl nine homolog 1 (EGLN1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α inhibitor (HIF-1AN), play pivotal roles in the regulation of HIF-1α, and high altitude adaption may be involved in the pathology of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Here, we aimed to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the untranslated regions of the EGLN1 and HIF-1AN genes and SNPs chosen from a genome-wide adaptation study of the Han Chinese population. To assess the association between EGLN1 and HIF-1AN SNPs and AMS in a Han Chinese population, a case-control study was performed including 190 patients and 190 controls. In total, thirteen SNPs were genotyped using the MassARRAY® MALDI-TOF system. Multiple genetic models were tested; The Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values indicated that the dominant model may serve as the best-fit model for rs12406290 and rs2153364 of significant difference. However, these data were not significant after Bonferroni correction. No significant association was noted between AMS and rs12757362, rs1339894, rs1361384, rs2009873, rs2739513 or rs2486729 before and after Bonferroni correction. Further haplotype analyses indicated the presence of two blocks in EGLN1; one block consists of rs12406290-rs2153364, located upstream of the EGLN1 gene. Carriers of the "GG" haplotype of rs12406290-rs2153364 exhibited an increased risk of AMS after adjustments for age and smoking status. However, no significant association was observed among HIF-1AN 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) polymorphisms, haplotype and AMS. Our study indicates that variants in the EGLN1 5'-UTR influence the susceptibility to AMS in a Han Chinese population

Research on the Structural Decomposition Analysis of Global Energy And Global Carbon Footprints

Greenhouse gas emissions increased by 10.8 Gigagram (Gg) CO2 equivalent in 1990−2010. Significant attention has been dedicated to the increase in emission transfers due to international trade. However, questions remain unanswered about which key sectors are stimulating the increase of CO2 emissions and whether changes in trade conditions have affected global emissions. To address the issue of increased emission transfers due to international trade, I used input-output tables (IOTs) in constant prices extended with CO2 emissions to examine the development of China. I calculated marginal coefficients – in monetary and CO2 terms – that capture the additional (new) technology installed after that year. My work provides a first overview of the magnitude and distribution of these coefficients in recent years across China’s rapidly growing economy for which marginal coefficients could be expected to differ greatly from average coefficients and are responsible for the substantial increase in CO2 emissions. To answer the second question regarding which industries and trade conditions are stimulating the increase in CO2 emissions, I first explore the countries and sectors recording an increase or decrease in energy footprints during the decades from 1990-2010. I then highlight the effect of international outsourcing of energy-intensive production processes by decomposing the structural and spatial change in energy footprints. This energy data is then further converted to CO2 emission data to disintegrate total CO2 emissions for each country into contributions from various driving forces acting on the domestic economy and international trade. The results reveal that consumption is outpacing efficiency by accelerating energy consumption and CO2 emissions, and that a world-wide shifting of energy-intensive and emissions-intensive production across borders has happened

New feature of low pTp_{T} charm quark hadronization in pppp collisions at s=7\sqrt{s}=7 TeV

Treating the light-flavor constituent quarks and antiquarks that can well describe the data of light-flavor hadrons in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV as the underlying source of chromatically neutralizing the charm quarks of low transverse momenta ($p_{T}$), we show that the experimental data of $p_{T}$ spectra of single-charm hadrons $D^{0,+}$, $D^{*+}$ $D_{s}^{+}$, $\Lambda_{c}^{+}$ and $\Xi_{c}^{0}$ at mid-rapidity in the low $p_{T}$ range ($2\lesssim p_{T}\lesssim7$ GeV/$c$) in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV can be well understood by the equal-velocity combination of perturbatively-created charm quarks and those light-flavor constituent quarks and antiquarks. This suggests a possible new scenario of low $p_{T}$ charm quark hadronization, in contrast to the traditional fragmentation mechanism, in $pp$ collisions at LHC energies. This is also another support for the exhibition of the effective constituent quark degrees of freedom for the small parton system created in $pp$ collisions at LHC energies.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure