Le partage de photographies sur Facebook : s’écrire, esthétiser sa vie

Depuis sa création, en 2004, le réseau social Facebook a reçu une attention médiatique dont l’ampleur est phénoménale. Avec des millions d’utilisateurs à son actif, le site est aussi devenu, dans certains milieux, presqu’incontournable. Malgré les appels à la prudence et à la vigilance dans l’utilisation de Facebook qui se multiplient – notamment concernant des enjeux de surveillance et de protection de la vie privée – nombre d’utilisateurs continuent d’y archiver des contenus, dont les photographies personnelles constituent une part importante. Ce mémoire propose d’explorer dans quelle mesure les pratiques associées à la photographie personnelle pourraient être comprises dans les processus de formation d’« éthiques de l’existence » (Foucault, 1984a; 1984b). Ces éthiques proposent aux individus des codes de conduite et des ensembles de valeurs à partir desquels le sujet s’adonne à un travail sur lui-même et se constitue en être « éthique » menant une existence « esthétique » (idem). Le terrain a pris la forme de séries de rencontres effectuées auprès de trois participantes. À la lumière de leurs pratiques photographiques, je suggère d’envisager la photographie personnelle comme un lieu où s’effectue la mise en oeuvre de techniques de soi. J’avance que de tels procédés favorisent la production d’un sujet se comprenant comme unifié et cohérent, tout comme ils participent à l’esthétisation de ce sujet et de son existence.Since Facebook was first launched, in 2004, the social network has received a tremendous amount of media coverage. Today, as users are counted by millions, Facebook now seems to have become, in certain circles, totally ubiquitous. Despite growing numbers of warnings for caution in the uses of Facebook – which are frequently associated to privacy or surveillance issues – many users keep uploading content, such as personal photographs, on the social network. This thesis aims to explore the extent to which practices of personal photography may be involved in the formations of what Michel Foucault termed "ethics of the self" (Foucault, 1984a; 1984b). These ethics provide individuals with values, guidelines and codes of conduct from which the subject can engage in the production of his self as an "ethic" being, living an "aesthetic" life (idem). Research was supported with a series of interviews conducted with three volunteers. In the light of their photographic practices, I assert that it is possible to understand personal photography as a fertile site where techniques of the self can be made and elaborated. I suggest that through personal photography, these processes encourage the production of a united and consistent subject, and that these practices also contribute to the aestheticisation of the subject as well as its existence

L'anxiété des élèves au primaire : une analyse des connaissances théoriques et pratiques des enseignants

Cette recherche vise à mieux connaitre l’état actuel des connaissances des enseignants du primaire sur la question de l’anxiété des élèves à l’école. Menée auprès de douze enseignants du Québec à l’aide d’entretiens semi-dirigés, elle a plus spécifiquement pour objectif d’identifier leurs connaissances sur la problématique de l’anxiété des élèves (causes, conséquences, manifestations), de décrire les interventions qu’ils pratiquent pour la prévenir et la faire diminuer et de déterminer la provenance de ces connaissances. Les résultats suggèrent que les connaissances des enseignants proviennent principalement de leurs expériences personnelles et professionnelles et que la formation initiale ou continue contribue peu à ces savoirs. Bien qu’ils arrivent à identifier certaines causes, manifestations et conséquences de l’anxiété et à décrire certaines interventions pour prévenir ou réduire l’anxiété de leurs élèves, les connaissances sont inégalement réparties parmi les participants et demeurent partielles. À la lumière de ces résultats, une réflexion est amorcée concernant notamment l’amélioration de la formation initiale et continue des enseignants sur le sujet.This research wishes to explore elementary school teacher’s knowledge of student anxiety. Conducted with twelve elementary teachers (Grade 1 to 6) from Quebec with semistructured interviews, it wishes more specifically to identify teacher’s knowledge on the recognition of symptoms and their understanding of underlying theoretical concepts such as causes, explanatory factors and appropriate interventions. Moreover, it wishes to describe the interventions that they put in place to prevent and reduce their pupil’s anxiety and to analyze their personal and practical sources of knowledge on the subject. Results showed that teachers appear to rely mostly on their own professional and personal experiences as the main sources of knowledge on the subject, while initial training and continuous education have little contribution to their current level of knowledge. Even if they succeed to identify some anxiety’s causes, symptoms and consequences and to describe some interventions that actually have been proved to prevent and reduce anxiety in students, the knowledge seems inequally distributed amongst participants and remain incomplete. In the light of those results, new approaches and areas of research are finally needed to improve teacher’s initial and continuous training on this topic

Detecting clear-cuts and decreases in forest vitality using MODIS NDVI time series

This paper examines the potential of MODIS-NDVI time series for detecting clear-cuts in a coniferous forest stand in the south of France. The proposed approach forms part of a survey monitoring the status of forest health and evaluating the forest decline phenomena observed over the last few decades. One of the prerequisites for this survey was that a rapid and easily reproducible method had to be developed that differentiates between forest clear-cuts and changes in forest health induced by environmental factors such as summer droughts. The proposed approach is based on analysis of the breakpoints detected within NDVI time series, using the "Break for Additive Seasonal and Trend" (BFAST) algorithm. To overcome difficulties detecting small areas on the study site, we chose a probabilistic approach based on the use of a conditional inference tree. For model calibration, clear-cut reference data were produced at MODIS resolution (250 m). According to the magnitude of the detected breakpoints, probability classes for the presence of clear-cuts were defined, from greater than 90% to less than 3% probability of a clear-cut. One of the advantages of the probabilistic model is that it allows end users to choose an acceptable level of uncertainty depending on the application. In addition, the use of BFAST allows events to be dated, thus making it possible to perform a retrospective analysis of decreases in forest vitality in the study area

Editorial

As of 2013, the review Travail et emploi is opening its pages to the English-speaking public with a biennial English translation of articles selected from those published during the two preceding years. Published as a Special Edition, this selection follows the same distribution norms as those for the four issues published annually: available in a “paper edition,” it can also be accessed online on several portals: the web site of the review; Revues.org; Cairn-info; and it will soon appear on ..

Synthesis and characterization of bimetallic Fe/Mn oxides for chemical looping combustion

Fe-Mn mixed oxides have been prepared by different routes, characterized, and tested with TGA for application as oxygen carriers in the CLC process. These mixed oxides exhibit a lower oxygen transfer capacity than Ni based materials which is also dependant on synthesis method. In-situ XRD analysis was performed with one sample and allowed to clearly demonstrate the reaction pathway, reduction and oxidation reactions occurring stepwise, with little phase coexistence. SEM-EDS analysis on reduced and re-oxidized samples show atom migration occurs on a rather long distance, forming Fe0 and MnO particles during reduction which are oxidized back to (Fe,Mn)2O3

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Levels Are Reduced in the Peripheral Blood and Lungs of Children With Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, semi-invariant T lymphocytes that recognize microbial-derived vitamin B2 (riboflavin) biosynthesis precursor derivatives presented by the monomorphic MHC class 1-related (MR1) molecule. Upon microbial infection, MAIT cells rapidly produce cytokines and cytotoxic effectors, and are thus important players in anti-microbial defense. MAIT cells are protective in experimental models of infection and are decreased in the blood of adult patients with bacterial infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In children, the risk of rapid progression to active tuberculosis (TB) following Mtb infection is higher than in adults. Whether MAIT cells influence the outcome of Mtb infection in children is therefore, an important issue. We analyzed MAIT cell numbers and phenotype in 115 children investigated for pulmonary TB and determined their potential correlation with disease progression. MAIT cells were reduced in numbers and activated in the peripheral blood of children with active TB as compared to those with latent TB infection (LTBI) and healthy children. Moreover, MAIT cells did not accumulate and did not proliferate in the lung of children with active TB. These results suggest that MAIT cells may be important in preventing progression of Mtb infection to active TB in children

Éditorial

À presque 40 ans, la revue Travail et Emploi était toujours parée des atours de ses 20 ans. Aussi avons-nous pensé qu’à l’âge de la plénitude, il était temps de lui insuffler une nouvelle énergie visuelle qui corresponde davantage à l’univers académique dans lequel elle s’inscrit. Fruit d’un travail collectif au sein du comité de rédaction, mais aussi avec la société qui l’a réalisée et a imaginé le graphisme de couverture, notre maquette modernisée marque une nouvelle étape dans la vie de la..

Chronic Eczematous Eruptions of the Elderly Are Associated with Chronic Exposure to Calcium Channel Blockers: Results from a Case–Control Study

It has been suggested that chronic eczematous eruptions of the elderly could be associated with chronic drug exposure. To determine the drugs associated with these eruptions, we conducted a case–control study on 102 cases and 204 controls. Cases were consecutive patients older than 60 years presenting with an eczematous eruption that had evolved continuously or recurrently for more than 3 months without a reliable cause. Two controls were matched to each case on age, sex, in/outpatient origin, and center. Information about drug exposure was obtained from patients and their pharmacists. Drug use for more than 3 months within the year preceding the eruption was compared between cases and controls. An association was found between calcium channel blockers (CCB) and eczema, with a matched OR (odds ratio) of 2.5 (95% CI (confidence interval): 1.3–4.6). To ascertain the course of patients after CCB withdrawal, two ancillary studies were performed on 74 patients with eczematous eruptions from our department before the case–control study period, and on 101 patients registered in the French “Pharmacovigilance” database. Healing of these eruptions after CCB withdrawal occurred in 83 and 68% of these cases, respectively. The long-term use of CCB is a risk factor for chronic eczematous eruptions of the elderly