OF-ECF ::a new optimization of the objective function for parent selection in RPL

The RPL routing protocol is designed to respond to the requirements of a large range of Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL uses an objective function (OF) to build the route toward a destination based on routing metrics. Considering only a single metric, some network performances can be improved while others may be degraded. In this paper, we present a flexible Objective Function based on Expected Transmission Count (ETX), Consumed Energy and Forwarding Delay (OF-ECF) built on a combination of metrics using an additive method. The main goal of this proposed solution is to balance energy consumption and minimize the average delay. To improve the reliability of the network, a flexible routing scheme that provides the diversity of paths and a higher availability is presented. Simulations results show that the new objective function OF-ECF outperforms the OF-FUZZY, and the standards OF0 and MRHOF. In terms of network lifetime and reliability

A Novel Approach for RPL Assessment Based on the Objective Function and Trickle Optimizations

The ROLL working group proposed the RPL (IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks) to respond to the requirements of low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). In this paper, we propose a new approach to assess the RPL performances based on its main components, namely, the objective function (OF) and the trickle algorithm. To this end, we compare between the RPL-EC (RPL based combined ETX and energy consumption) and the RPL-FL (RPL based on the flexible trickle algorithm). This paper compares the two implementations to assess the weight of each proposed improvement against the standard RPL. The results show that RPL performances are greatly influenced by the change of both the objective function and trickle algorithm. RPL-FL provides best values in terms of overhead, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy consumption, while RPL-EC acts better with the convergence time and the network lifetime compared to the standard RPL

RPL-based networks in static and mobile environment: A performance assessment analysis

The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) used in the Internet of Things has some shortcoming when the network is dense and with mobile environment. In this paper, we evaluate the performances of RPL in three configurations: network scalability, multiple sink and mobility models. To this end, two different scenarios are implemented using the Cooja simulator. The first one is based on group models. The second scenario is based on the entity mobility models. Our simulation results show that RPL performances are greatly influenced by the number of nodes, the number of sink nodes, and the mobility type. The scalability of the network increases all metrics while providing less packet loss. Additionally, the number of sink nodes directly affects the RPL performances. The energy consumption is reduced in the case of multiple sink nodes by 55.86%, which is less than the case of a single sink. Keywords: RPL routing protocol, ETX, Energy consumption, Mobility model

FL-Trickle

The Trickle algorithm is one of the main components of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). Trickle is used to maintain and to control messages in the network. However, this algorithm has some limitations in terms of power consumption, overhead, and convergence time. In this paper, we present a new improvement of the Standard Trickle algorithm, named Flexible Trickle Algorithm (FL-Trickle). Based on the T time parameters and the Minimum Interval values, the new trickle allows reducing the delay needed to transmit control messages as well as the transmission rate. A comparison has been made between the FL-Trickle, the standard Trickle and the Trickle-Plus algorithms. Simulation results show that our proposed approach outperforms both the standard trickle and the Trickle-Plus in terms of convergence time, overhead and energy consumption. FL-Trickle increases the convergence time by up 58%, reduces the overhead by up to 69% and the energy consumption by up to 62%.Peer reviewe

Challenges of the internet of things ::IPv6 and network management

Nowadays, many researchers are interested in the concept of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is evolving our knowledge and conception of the world. IoT aims to offer a common communication paradigm for all objects via the Internet and its protocols. For that reasons, it is being applied in all areas of life, such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, military, cities management, and industry. One of the major challenges of the IoT is to integrate IPv6, and its related protocols, into the constrained capabilities offered by Wireless Sensor Networks, building automation, and home appliances. One of the design considerations, for the success of the IoT, is to integrate what exists from IPv6, before creating novel protocols, in order to promote and ensure the interoperability, homogeneity, openness, security, flexibility, and heritage of all existing hardware, tools, and applications of IPv6. This work presents how to integrate the management protocols in IPv6 into the emerging IoT networks based on protocols such as 6LoWPAN. An overview of the different management protocols for IPv6 is presented. Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and the considerations for IoT management from works such as Lightweight Network Management Protocol (LNMP), and the Constrained networks and devices Management (COMAN) Group from the IETF are discussed. COMAN is presenting solutions such as simplified MIB, new SNMP consideration, and CoAP-based management