In vitro evaluation of topical gel prepared using natural polymer

Nimesulide is a second generation non–steroidal anti–inflammatory agent, which is widely used in the long term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, in alleviating pain and inflammation. But its short half-life (only 3–4 hr), so its causes more fluctuation. After oral administration Nimesulide causes to produces heart burn, nausea, loose motions, pruritus, etc. The present study based on the preparation of bioadhesive topical gel of Nimesulide, so as to avoid all gastric side effects. For the preparation of bioadhesive topical gel natural polymer aegel marmelos (plant Bale) was used. Bioadhesive polymers are the agents which increases the contact between the formulation and biological membrane, so as to avoid the fluctuation of formulation and behave as a sustained release formulation. In the present study, prepared bioadhesive topical gel was evaluated with the help of different parameters like drug content, spreadability, extrudability, swelling index study, in–vitro drug diffusion study, in-vitro drug release kinetic study and ex–vivo bioadhesive measurement. On the basis of in–vitro drug diffusion study and ex–vivo bioadhesive measurement property of gel, we have concluded that natural polymer aegel marmelos is the best polymer for the preparation of sustained release bioadhesive topical gel.Keywords: Topical gel; Bioadhesion; Natural polyme

In vitro evaluation of topical gel prepared using natural polymer

Nimesulide is a second generation non–steroidal anti–inflammatory agent, which is widely used in the long term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, in alleviating pain and inflammation. But its short half-life (only 3–4 hr), so its causes more fluctuation. After oral administration Nimesulide causes to produces heart burn, nausea, loose motions, pruritus, etc. The present study based on the preparation of bioadhesive topical gel of Nimesulide, so as to avoid all gastric side effects. For the preparation of bioadhesive topical gel natural polymer aegel marmelos (plant Bale) was used. Bioadhesive polymers are the agents which increases the contact between the formulation and biological membrane, so as to avoid the fluctuation of formulation and behave as a sustained release formulation. In the present study, prepared bioadhesive topical gel was evaluated with the help of different parameters like drug content, spreadability, extrudability, swelling index study, in–vitro drug diffusion study, in-vitro drug release kinetic study and ex–vivo bioadhesive measurement. On the basis of in–vitro drug diffusion study and ex–vivo bioadhesive measurement property of gel, we have concluded that natural polymer aegel marmelos is the best polymer for the preparation of sustained release bioadhesive topical gel.Keywords: Topical gel; Bioadhesion; Natural polyme

Sums of matrix-valued wave packet frames in (L^2(ℝ^d,ℂ^{stimes r}))

The purpose of this paper is to first show relations between wave packet frame bounds and the scalars associated with finite sum of matrix-valued wave packet frames for the matrix-valued function space (L^2(ℝ^d, ℂ^{stimes r}). A sufficient condition with explicit wave packet frame bounds for finite sum of matrix-valued wave packet frames in terms of scalars and frame bounds associated with the finite sum of frames is given. An optimal estimate of wave packet frame bounds for the finite sum of matrix-valued wave packet frames is presented. In the second part, we show that the rate of convergence of the frame algorithm can be increased by using frame bounds and scalars associated with the finite sum of frames. Finally, a necessary and sufficient condition for finite sum of matrix-valued wave packet frames in terms of series associated with wave packet vectors is given

Study of magnetic nanostructures fabricated by nanosphere lithography

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

AffyMAPSDetector: a software tool to characterize Affymetrix GeneChip™ expression arrays with respect to SNPs

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Affymetrix gene expression arrays incorporate paired perfect match (PM) and mismatch (MM) probes to distinguish true signals from those arising from cross-hybridization events. A MM signal often shows greater intensity than a PM signal; we propose that one underlying cause is the presence of allelic variants arising from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To annotate and characterize SNP contributions to anomalous probe binding behavior we have developed a software tool called AffyMAPSDetector.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>AffyMAPSDetector can be used to describe any Affymetrix expression GeneChip™ with respect to SNPs. When AffyMAPSDetector was run on GeneChip™ HG-U95Av2 against dbSNP-build-123, we found 7286 probes (belonging to 2,582 probesets) containing SNPs, out of which 325 probes contained at least one SNP at position 13. Against dbSNP-build-126, 8758 probes (belonging to 3,002 probesets) contained SNPs, of which 409 probes contained at least one SNP at position 13. Therefore, depending on the expressed allele, the MM probe can sometimes be the transcript complement. This information was used to characterize probe measurements reported in a published, well-replicated lung adenocarcinoma study. The total intensity distributions showed that the SNP-containing probes had a larger negative mean intensity difference (PM-MM) and greater range of the difference than did probes without SNPs. In the sample replicates, SNP-containing probes with reproducible intensity ratios were identified, allowing selection of SNP probesets that yielded unique sample signatures. At the gene expression level, use of the (MM-PM) value for SNP-containing probes resulted in different Presence/Absence calls for some genes. Such a change in status of the genes has the clear potential for influencing downstream clustering and classification results.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Output from this tool characterizes SNP-containing probes on GeneChip™ microarrays, thus improving our understanding of factors contributing to expression measurements. The pattern of SNP binding examined so far indicates distinct behavior of the SNP-containing probes and has the potential to help us identify new SNPs. Knowing which probes contain SNPs provides flexibility in determining whether to include or exclude them from gene-expression intensity calculations; selected sets of SNP-containing probes produce sample-unique signatures.</p> <p>AffyMAPSDetector information is available at <url>http://www.binf.gmu.edu/weller/BMC_bioinformatics/AffyMapsDetector/index.html</url></p

Asymptomatic bacteriuria and antibacterial susceptibility during pregnancy

Background: Urinary tract infections are more common in women than in men and still more in pregnant women because of anatomical and physiological changes during pregnancy. Incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is 2-10% globally and it is still more in developing countries. Untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to many prenatal and maternal complications; hence early detection and treatment is of considerable importance.Methods: Total 220 pregnant women at their first visit were screened during one year. Midstream urine samples were inoculated and results were interpreted after 24-48 hours.Results: Incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 12.27%. E. coli was the commonest pathogen detected and Nitrofurantoin was found to be effective against commonest pathogens.Conclusions: Ectopic pregnancy can have varied presentations and misdiagnosis can be seen in Surgical, Medical and Gynaecology Universal screening of aymptomatic bacteriuria is recommended because of its high prevalence and prenatal and maternal complications, if left untreated. Nitrofurantoin can be advocated because of its low cost and high effectiveness where culture is not possible because of inadequate resources.

Analysis of Caesarean section rate in a government teaching institute based on Robson’s ten group classification

Background: Caesarean section rate is a qualitative health care indicator in India. With increasing rates of caesarean sections and no defined method to audit present institutes it is the need of the hour to use tools like Robson’s classification to understand present system. The aim of this study was to determine the rate and analyse Caesarean sections in a tertiary care institute using Robson’s ten group classification system.Methods: This is a retrospective analytical study in which all Caesarean section done over a period of 3 years (July 2014-June 2017) were included which were performed in single unit (out of 6) of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Sassoon General Hospital. Women were classified in 10 groups according to Robson’s classification, using maternal characteristics and obstetrical history. For each group, authors calculated its relative size and its contribution to the overall caesarean rate.Results: Total deliveries were 4750 out of which 985 were Caesarean section, incidence was calculated as 20.7%. The main contributors to the overall Caesarean rate were primiparous women in spontaneous labour (group 1- {18.3%}) and women with previous caesarean section (group 5- {34.9%}).Conclusions: The Robson’s classification is an easy tool to use and identify the current changing dynamics in any hospital setup. Its implementation as an obstetric audit can help lower the Caesarean rates and improve the standards based on WHO criteria