Mean per capita out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for health care by states and ETL state groups in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.

Mean per capita out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for health care by states and ETL state groups in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.</p

Inequality in the burden of out-of-pocket health payments across states and ETL groups in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.

Inequality in the burden of out-of-pocket health payments across states and ETL groups in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.</p

Households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) across ETL state groups by MPCE quintiles in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.

Households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) across ETL state groups by MPCE quintiles in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.</p

Heterogeneities in households with catastrophic health expenditure across states in India, NSS 2014.

NSS = National Sample Survey.</p

Percent change in catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) across states of India from NSS 2004 to NSS 2014.

*For comparison purpose Andhra Pradesh has been considered as an undivided state in NSS 2014. NSS = National Sample Survey.</p

Percent of households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) with 95% CI by states in India grouped by epidemiological transition level (ETL), NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.

NSS = National Sample Survey; CHE = Catastrophic health expenditure; CI = Confidence interval.</p

Observed, counterfactual, and averted deaths in 2009.

<p>Counterfactual and averted deaths are estimated for the scenarios in which overall social sector expenditure and poverty rates would have remained at their 1997 levels. (UI  =  uncertainty interval)</p

Averted deaths in 2009 by sex attributable to increased social sector spending since 1997.

<p>Averted deaths per 1,000 population among A) girls and B) boys aged 1–4 years. The population denominator is the sex-specific population aged 1–4 years in 2009. In the analysis, data from Jharkhand was combined with that from Bihar and data from Chhattisgarh with that from Madhya Pradesh. The averted death rates shown in the maps for these four states are therefore the averted death rates obtained for Bihar combined with Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh combined with Chhattisgarh.</p

Observed and counterfactual mortality trends among infants and children aged 1–4 years, 1997–2009.

<p>The observed mortality rate (for infants) or death rate (for age 1–4) is shown in black; the overall social sector expenditure counterfactual shows the predicted mortality/death rates if state per-capita overall social sector expenditure had remained at its 1997 level (blue); the poverty counterfactual shows the predicted mortality/death rates if poverty rates had remained at their 1997 levels (orange). (Note: the effect of overall social sector expenditure on mortality is essentially zero in boys less than one. Hence, the mortality rate under the overall social sector expenditure counterfactual [blue] coincides with the estimated mortality rate [black].)</p

Association of infant mortality rate and death rate for age 1–4 years with per-capita state social sector expenditure from 1997 to 2009, using a mixed-effects regression model.

<p>Expenditure is measured in log per-capita terms and averaged for the five years ending in the index year. 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses.</p>a<p>Statistically significant coefficient (5% level)</p