Inequality in the burden of out-of-pocket health payments across states and ETL groups in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.

Inequality in the burden of out-of-pocket health payments across states and ETL groups in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.</p

Mean per capita out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for health care by states and ETL state groups in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.

Mean per capita out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for health care by states and ETL state groups in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.</p

Heterogeneities in households with catastrophic health expenditure across states in India, NSS 2014.

NSS = National Sample Survey.</p

Percent change in catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) across states of India from NSS 2004 to NSS 2014.

*For comparison purpose Andhra Pradesh has been considered as an undivided state in NSS 2014. NSS = National Sample Survey.</p

Households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) across ETL state groups by MPCE quintiles in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.

Households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) across ETL state groups by MPCE quintiles in India, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.</p

Percent of households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) with 95% CI by states in India grouped by epidemiological transition level (ETL), NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.

NSS = National Sample Survey; CHE = Catastrophic health expenditure; CI = Confidence interval.</p

Association of infant mortality rate and death rate for age 1–4 years with per-capita state social sector expenditure from 1997 to 2009, using a mixed-effects regression model.

<p>Expenditure is measured in log per-capita terms and averaged for the five years ending in the index year. 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses.</p>a<p>Statistically significant coefficient (5% level)</p

Observed, counterfactual, and averted deaths in 2009.

<p>Counterfactual and averted deaths are estimated for the scenarios in which overall social sector expenditure and poverty rates would have remained at their 1997 levels. (UI  =  uncertainty interval)</p

Per-capita health, health-related, education, other, and overall social sector expenditure, 1997–2009.

<p>Per-capita expenditure is calculated as the sum of yearly expenditure across all states in our analysis divided by the sum of yearly population in these states and averaged for the five years ending in the index year. Expenditure is shown in constant 2009 prices (USD). Trends are shown for the less developed and more developed state of India and for India as a whole.</p

Mortality trends among A) infants and B) children aged 1–4 years, 1997–2009.

<p>Trends are shown for the less developed and more developed state of India and for India as a whole.</p