Multiple Feature Fuzzy c-means Clustering Algorithm for Segmentation of Microarray Images

Microarray technology allows the simultaneous monitoring of thousands of genes. Based on the gene expression measurements, microarray technology have proven powerful in gene expression profiling for discovering new types of diseases and for predicting the type of a disease. Gridding, segmentation and intensity extraction are the three important steps in microarray image analysis. Clustering algorithms have been used for microarray image segmentation with an advantage that they are not restricted to a particular shape and size for the spots. Instead of using single feature clustering algorithm, this paper presents multiple feature clustering algorithm with three features for each pixel such as pixel intensity, distance from the center of the spot and median of surrounding pixels. In all the traditional clustering algorithms, number of clusters and initial centroids are randomly selected and often specified by the user.  In this paper, a new algorithm based on empirical mode decomposition algorithm for the histogram of the input image will generate the number of clusters and initial centroids required for clustering.   It overcomes the shortage of random initialization in traditional clustering and achieves high computational speed by reducing the number of iterations. The experimental results show that multiple feature Fuzzy C-means has segmented the microarray image more accurately than other algorithms

Synthesis and structural studies of first row transition metal complexes of N-(2-nitro)-benzilidine-3-hydrazino quinoxaline-2-one

Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of N-(2-nitro)-benzilidene-3-hydrazino quinoxaline-2-one (NBHQO) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductance, thermal, spectral and magnetic data. NBHQO acts as a bidentate ON donor in all the complexes except in Ni(II) complex in which it acts as a tridentate ONO donor. Octahedral geometries have been proposed for all the complexes except for Cu(II) complex to which the square planar geometry is assigned. KEY WORDS: Metal complexes, N-(2-nitro)-benzilidene-3-hydrazino quinoxaline-2-one, ON donor  Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2008, 22(3), 385-390

A New Method of Gridding for Spot Detection in Microarray Images

A Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface, such as glass, plastic or silicon chip forming an array. The analysis of DNA microarray images allows the identification of gene expressions to draw biological conclusions for applications ranging from genetic profiling to diagnosis of cancer. The DNA microarray image analysis includes three tasks: gridding, segmentation and intensity extraction. The gridding process is usually divided into two main steps: sub-gridding and spot detection. In this paper, a fully automatic approach to detect the location of spots is proposed. Each spot is associated with a gene and contains the pixels that indicate the level of expression of that particular gene. After gridding, the image is segmented using fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm for separation of spots from the background pixels.  The result of the experiment shows that the method presented in this paper is accurate and automatic without human intervention and parameter presetting. Keywords: Microarray Image, Mathematical Morphology, Image Processin

Controlling of Home Appliances Using Internet of Things

In this new millennium of modern technology, everything is getting automated. Manual work is replaced by machines which reduced the burden on human beings. Nowadays humans have made internet an integral part of their everyday life without which they are helpless. Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networks in which each object is identified by a unique identity that allows devices to connect, sensed and controlled remotely across a network infrastructure. In this paper we focus on controlling of home appliances by using internet of things. The devices connected to the cloud server are controlled by admin by giving commands. The controlling can be done by using Arduino. This whole system using Internet of Things (IoT) will be used to control home appliances from anywhere in the world by using internet connection. The system designed is economical and can be expanded as it allows connection and controlling of a number of different devices. Internet of Things (IoT) is an emergingtechnology that is making our world a global village. An IoT based Home automation is also one of such examples. In IoT based home automation various things such as lighting, home appliances, computers etc., all are connected to the Internet and allowing user to monitor and control things regardless of time and location constraint. This paper uses ThingSpeak IoT Platform for controlling home appliances through internet. The proposed system presented in this paper is used for controlling of home appliances through Internet of Things(IoT)

Transverse wobbling in Pr 135

A pair of transverse wobbling bands is observed in the nucleus Pr135. The wobbling is characterized by ΔI=1, E2 transitions between the bands, and a decrease in the wobbling energy confirms its transverse nature. Additionally, a transition from transverse wobbling to a three-quasiparticle band comprised of strong magnetic dipole transitions is observed. These observations conform well to results from calculations with the tilted axis cranking model and the quasiparticle rotor model

Advanced Homomorphic Encryption for Cloud Data Security

This paper aims to provide security of data in the Cloud using Multiplicative Homomorphic Approach. Encryption process is done with RSA algorithm. In this RSA algorithm, Shor’s algorithm is used for generating Public key Component, which enhances the security. Shor’s algorithm plays as important role in generating public key. Plain Text Message is encrypted with Public Key to generate Cipher Text and for decryption Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) is used to speed up the computations. By doing so, it shows how the CRT representation of numbers in Zn can be used to perform modular exponentiation about much more efficiently using three extra values pre-computed from the prime factors of n. Hence, security is enhanced in the cloud provider

<i>Chromolaena odorata</i> (L.) King & H.E. Robins (Asteraceae), an important nectar source for adult butterflies

Chromolaena odorata is a seasonal weed and grows like a cultivated crop. It flowers during October-December. The floral characteristics such as white to purple colour of florets, short-tubed narrow corolla with deep seated nectar, the morning anthesis and the flat-topped head inflorescence providing a standing platform are important attractants for visitation by butterflies. The florets attract butterflies of five families and sphingid hawk moths. Among the butterflies, nymphalids are diverse and visit the florets consistently; their visits effect pollination. The diurnal hawk moths, Macroglossum gyrans and Cephonodes hylas also visit the florets during dawn and dusk hours for nectar, and effect pollination. Therefore, C. odorata, being an exotic is an important nectar source for adult butterflies

Synthesis, characterization and thermogravimetric analysis of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes supported by ONNO tetradentate Schiff base ligand derived from hydrazino benzoxazine

A new series of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes of a novel ligand 3-(2-(1-(2,4-DihydroxyPhenyl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-2-one, (DPE-HBO) were prepared and characterized. Microwave synthesis of the ligand was also carried out which gave a high increase in its yield within very short time. 3D molecular modeling structure of the ligand is obtained by using ArgusLab software. The nature of bonding and the stereochemistry of the complexes have been deduced from elemental analysis, thermal, infrared, electronic spectra, magnetic moments and conductivity measurements. ESR spectrum of Cu(II) complex is studied. All the complexes show subnormal magnetic moments. ONNO donor atoms participate in coordination with Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes exhibiting octahedral geometry. Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes behave differently with ONNO donor atoms showing two types of geometries i.e., octahedral and square planar within the same complex

<i>Wendlandia tinctoria</i> (Roxb.) DC. (Rubiaceae), a key nectar source for butterflies during the summer season in the southern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India

Wendlandia tinctoria is a semi-evergreen tree species. It shows massive flowering for about a month during March-April. The floral characteristics such as the white colour of the flower, lack of odour, short-tubed corolla with deep seated nectar having 15-18% sugar concentration are well tailored for visitation by butterflies. The nectar is hexose-rich and contains the essential amino acids such as arginine and histidine and the non-essential amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glysine, hydroxyproline, tyrosine, glutamic acid and serine. The inflorescences with clusters of flowers provide an excellent platform for foraging by butterflies. The flowers are long-lived and attractive to butterflies. A variety of butterflies visit the flowers for nectar and in doing so, they pollinate them. Nymphalids are very diverse and utilize the flowers until exhausted. The flowers being small in size with a small amount of nectar compel the butterflies to do a more laborious search for nectar from a greater number of flowers. But, the clustered state of the flowers is energetically profitable for butterflies to reduce search time and also flight time to collect a good amount of nectar; such a probing behaviour is advantageous for the plant to achieve self- and cross-pollination. Therefore, the study shows that the association between W. tinctoria and butterflies is mutual and such an association is referred to as psychophilous. This plant serves as a key nectar source for butterflies at the study site where floral nectar sources are scarce during the summer season

Entomophily, ornithophily and anemochory in the self-incompatible <i>Boswellia ovalifoliolata</i> Bal. & Henry (Burseraceae), an endemic and endangered medicinally important tree species

Boswellia ovalifoliolata (Burseraceae) is a narrow endemic and endangered deciduous tree species. Its flowering, fruiting and seed dispersal events occur in a leafless state during the dry season. The flowers are small, bisexual, mildly odoriferous and actinomorphic; weakly protandrous but strictly self-incompatible. While insects and sunbirds pollinate the flowers, floral characteristics suggest that entomophily is the principal mode. Both bud and flower feeding by a weevil and flower and fruit feeding by the Palm Squirrel have been found to affect the success of sexual reproduction. The Garden Lizard serves as a predator of pollinating insects, especially bees and wasps, thus influencing pollination of this tree species. Fruit set in open pollination is below 10%, rising to 34% in manual cross-pollination. Limitation of cross-pollination, space constraints for seed production from all flower ovules and availability of limited resources in rocky, dry litter of the forest floor appear to constrain higher fruit set. Mature fruits dehisce and disseminate their lightweight, papery winged seeds with the aid of wind. The study site being windy provides the necessary driving force for effective dispersal of seeds away from parent trees. Seed germination occurs following rainfall but further growth depends on soil water and nutritional status. The success rate of seedling recruitment is highly limited, and it could be due to nutrient-poor soil and water stress resulting from dry spells during the rainy season