Molekularni dokaz vrste Ehrlichia canis u uzorcima krvi prirodno zaraženih pasa u Indiji

The nested PCR assay for the detection of 16S rRNA gene fragment of Ehrlichia canis from the blood of dogs was standardized for the first time in India. The genus-specific primers amplified a 477 bp band of Ehrlichia sp. in the first PCR. The nested PCR assay using species-specific primers produced a 387 bp band of E. canis. The nested PCR detected E. canis organisms in 50% of samples as against the routine blood smear examination, which revealed morulae in only 19.38% of samples. This protocol could detect the presence of E. canis, even one month after specific antibiotic therapy.Ugniježđena lančana reakcija polimerazom za dokaz odsječka gena 16S rRNA vrste Ehrlichia canis uzoraka krvi pasa standardizirana je prvi put u Indiji. U prvom krugu lančane reakcije polimerazom umnožene su bile početnice od 477 baznih parova specifične za rod Ehrlichia. Postupkom ugniježđene PCR upotrebom vrstno specifičnih početnica umnožen je odsječak gena E. canis od 387 baznih parova. Ugniježđenom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom vrsta E. canis mogla se dokazati u 50% uzoraka u odnosu na rutinske pretrage razmazaka krvi pomoću kojih su se morule mogle dokazati samo u 19,38% uzoraka. Ugniježđenom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom mogla se dokazati prisutnost E. canis čak do mjesec dana nakon specifičnoga liječenja antibioticima

A Group Theoretical Identification of Integrable Equations in the Li\'enard Type Equation x¨+f(x)x˙+g(x)=0\ddot{x}+f(x)\dot{x}+g(x) = 0 : Part II: Equations having Maximal Lie Point Symmetries

In this second of the set of two papers on Lie symmetry analysis of a class of Li\'enard type equation of the form $\ddot {x} + f(x)\dot {x} + g(x)= 0$, where over dot denotes differentiation with respect to time and $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ are smooth functions of their variables, we isolate the equations which possess maximal Lie point symmetries. It is well known that any second order nonlinear ordinary differential equation which admits eight parameter Lie point symmetries is linearizable to free particle equation through point transformation. As a consequence all the identified equations turn out to be linearizable. We also show that one can get maximal Lie point symmetries for the above Li\'enard equation only when $f_{xx} =0$ (subscript denotes differentiation). In addition, we discuss the linearising transformations and solutions for all the nonlinear equations identified in this paper.Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of Mathematical Physic

Dokaz vrsta B. canis vogeli, B. gibsoni i E. canis višestrukim PCR-om u prirodno inficiranih pasa u Južnoj Indiji

Tick borne haemoparasites and haemorickettsiales pose a major health risk to animals worldwide. The present study reports the development and validation of multiplex PCR to simultaneously detect the most prevalent tick borne pathogens infecting dogs in Kerala, South India. The assay targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of the organisms could amplify well demarcated amplicons of B. canis vogeli, B. gibsoni and E. canis. In the study population, which included both healthy dogs as well as those with clinical symptoms suggestive of the three infections under study, 46.6% animals were infected with one of the three pathogens, amongst which the occurrence of B. gibsoni was significantly the highest. Natural co-infections were also detected in nine dogs, which suggests the suitability of the assay to assist in the selection of pathogen specific treatment protocols.Krvni paraziti i rikecije podrijetlom iz krpelja glavna su opasnost za zdravlje životinja diljem svijeta. U ovom je istraživanju razvijen i validiran višestruki PCR za istodobno dokazivanje najčešćih uzročnika koje na pse prenose krpelji u Kerali u Južnoj Indiji. Malim ciljnim subjediničnim ribosomskim RNA mogli su proizvesti jasno razlučivi produkti specifični za B. canis vogeli, B. gibsoni i E. canis. U pretraživanoj populaciji koja je obuhvaćala zdrave pse i one s kliničkim znakovima, koji su upućivali na infekciju uzrokovanu jednim od spomenutih uzročnika, 46,6 % životinja bilo je inficirano jednim od njih triju. Infekcija vrstom B. gibsoni bila je znatno češća. Prirodna je koinfekcija dokazana u devet pasa, što potvrđuje prikladnost testa za dijagnostiku i njegovo značenje pri poduzimanju odgovarajućeg liječenja

Molekularna identifikacija latentnog nositelja tajlerioze u koza u južnoj Indiji

The rising prevalence of tick borne parasites and their economic impact on livestock production have often demanded better diagnostic tools and timely treatment options. The paper reports the molecular evidence of natural infections of Theileria ovis, T. lestoquardi and T. luwenshuni among goats in Kerala, south India, using PCR and RFLP. Concurrent infection of T. ovis and T. luwenshuni was also identified. Out of 150 samples studied, the PCR protocol was also found to detect a higher prevalence (59.3%) of theileriosis when compared to the detection of piroplasms (30%) in stained blood smears. In this study, the majority of goats were infected with T. ovis (75.28%), followed by those with T. luwenshuni (32.58%) and T. lestoquardi (7.86%). A high proportion of infected goats did not show any clinical signs indicating carrier status of infection. The carrier status of animals also signals the possible risk of disease transmission to healthy stock. However, a high incidence of caprine theileriosis, with significant haematological alterations including macrocytic hypochromic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, poses a potential threat to the goat population in the event of stress. Routine monitoring should be employed in farms for early detection and treatment of carrier animals.Rastuća prevalencija parazita koje prenose krpelji i njihov utjecaj na profitabilnost stočarske proizvodnje često su zahtijevali pouzdanije dijagnostičke alate i pravodobne načine liječenja. U ovom je radu prikazana molekularna identifikacija PCR-om i RFLP-om prirodnih invazija koza oblićima Theileria ovis, T. lestoquardi i T. Luwenshuni u Kerali u južnoj Indiji. Od 150 uzoraka analiziranih PCR-om utvrđena je viša prevalencija tajlerioze (59,3 %) u usporedbi s nalazom babezija (30 %) u obojenim krvnim razmazima. U ovom je istraživanju većina koza bila invadirana vrstom T. ovis (75,28 %), a zatim vrstama T. luwenshuni (32,58 %) i T. lestoquardi (7,86 %). Većina invadiranih koza nije pokazivala kliničke znakove tajlerioze. Također, supklinička invazija uputila je na potencijalni rizik prijenosa parazita na druge jedinke. Osim toga visoka incidencija tajlerioze u koza sa znakovitim promjenama u krvnim pokazateljima, uključujući makrocitnu hipokromnu anemiju i trombocitopeniju, potencijalna je prijetnja zdravlju koza u stresnim stanjima. Na farmama bi trebalo uvesti rutinsko praćenje radi ranog dokazivanja i liječenja latentno invadiranih životinja

Comparative analysis of conventional and real time PCR for detection of haemoparasites in dogs

9-15Ehrlichiosis and babesiosis are the most pathogenic tick-borne diseases of dogs worldwide. The present study reports that the development of SYBR green based real time PCR (RT-PCR) protocols with novel primers targeting small subunit ribosomal RNA genes to detect natural infections of Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli and B. gibsoni in dogs and its comparison with conventional PCR. Statistical analysis revealed that RT- PCR is more superior to conventional PCR assay to detect low level rickettsaemia (p < 0.05). The high prevalence of these pathogens in the study population also warrants immediate attention to the adoption of efficient and sustainable control strategies

Incidence of gastro-intestinal strongylosis during monsoon seasons in native goat breeds of Kerala

Gastro-intestinal strongylosis is a major parasitic infection in caprine causing reduced performance, irreversible damage and death, which eventually leads to huge economic loss to the producers. The use of anthelmintics as a simple, effective and quick control method against the parasitism by the farmers has been rampant since decades. But its indiscriminate and undue usage invariably paved way to the development of anthelmintic resistance in parasites. It is high time that control strategies are designed so as to utilise chemotherapy appropriately at the time that coincide with heavy incidence of strongylosis. In the present study, a total of 109 goats, comprising of 58 Malabari and 51 Attappady Black goats from an organised farm were screened for the incidence for strongyle infection. The infection was found to be very high throughout the monsoon seasons in Kerala (June to October) with 94.86 ±1.47 per cent. Majority of the animals exhibited very heavy infection with faecal egg count of (FEC) >1500 during the study period. On coproculture, Haemonchus contortus was found to be the most predominant strongyle followed by Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp

Singularity Structure, Symmetries and Integrability of Generalized Fisher Type Nonlinear Diffusion Equation

In this letter, the integrability aspects of a generalized Fisher type equation with modified diffusion in (1+1) and (2+1) dimensions are studied by carrying out a singularity structure and symmetry analysis. It is shown that the Painlev\'e property exists only for a special choice of the parameter ($m=2$). A B\"acklund transformation is shown to give rise to the linearizing transformation to the linear heat equation for this case ($m=2$). A Lie symmetry analysis also picks out the same case ($m=2$) as the only system among this class as having nontrivial infinite dimensional Lie algebra of symmetries and that the similarity variables and similarity reductions lead in a natural way to the linearizing transformation and physically important classes of solutions (including known ones in the literature), thereby giving a group theoretical understanding of the system. For nonintegrable cases in (2+1) dimensions, associated Lie symmetries and similarity reductions are indicated.Comment: 8 page

On the Integrability, B\"Acklund Transformation and Symmetry Aspects of a Generalized Fisher Type Nonlinear Reaction-Diffusion Equation

The dynamics of nonlinear reaction-diffusion systems is dominated by the onset of patterns and Fisher equation is considered to be a prototype of such diffusive equations. Here we investigate the integrability properties of a generalized Fisher equation in both (1+1) and (2+1) dimensions. A Painlev\'e singularity structure analysis singles out a special case ($m=2$) as integrable. More interestingly, a B\"acklund transformation is shown to give rise to a linearizing transformation for the integrable case. A Lie symmetry analysis again separates out the same $m=2$ case as the integrable one and hence we report several physically interesting solutions via similarity reductions. Thus we give a group theoretical interpretation for the system under study. Explicit and numerical solutions for specific cases of nonintegrable systems are also given. In particular, the system is found to exhibit different types of travelling wave solutions and patterns, static structures and localized structures. Besides the Lie symmetry analysis, nonclassical and generalized conditional symmetry analysis are also carried out.Comment: 30 pages, 10 figures, to appear in Int. J. Bifur. Chaos (2004

Adult immersion test for assessment of amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks

Ticks are obligate blood sucking ectoparasites recognised globally as vectors of various pathogens, next to mosquitoes. The present study is conducted on brown dog ticks collected from naturally infested dogs in and around Thrissur district. Adult immersion test was performed and the parameters such as engorged tick weight, egg mass weight as well as tick mortality were recorded to derive the reproductive indices, percentage inhibition of oviposition and percentage mortalities. Non-linear regression analysis of the dose response data yielded the LC50 values at 95% confidence intervals and, the slopes and regression coefficients of the different parameters were also derived. The Resistance factors (RF) were calculated to categorise resistance levels into I, II, III and IV. Resistance to amitraz was detected at level II in tick isolates collected from Choolissery and Mundur, at level III and level IV in isolates collected from Mannuthy and Paravattani, respectively. Two isolates collected from Mannuthy were found to be susceptible. One way ANOVA of resistance levels revealed that the resistance levels III and IV were significantly different from that of susceptible and resistance level II. This is the first report on detection of amitraz resistance levels in dog ticks from south India calling for proper implementation of tick control strategies to prevent spread of amitraz resistance