Pathobiological Implications of the Expression of EGFR, pAkt, NF-κB and MIC-1 in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells and Their Progenies

The progression of prostate cancers (PCs) to locally invasive, androgen-independent and metastatic disease states is generally associated with treatment resistance and disease relapse. The present study was undertaken to establish the possibility of using a combination of specific oncogenic products, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), pAkt, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for optimizing the management of patients with localized PC at earlier disease stages. The immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence data have revealed that the expression levels of EGFR, Ser473-pAkt, NF-κB p65 and MIC-1 proteins were significantly enhanced in the same subset of 76 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma specimens during the disease progression and these biomarkers were expressed in a small subpopulation of CD133+ PC cells and the bulk tumor mass of CD133− PC cells. Importantly, all of these biomarkers were also overexpressed in 80–100% of 30 PC metastasis bone tissue specimens. Moreover, the results have indicated that the EGF-EGFR signaling pathway can provide critical functions for the self-renewal of side population (SP) cells endowed with stem cell-like features from highly invasive WPE1-NB26 cells. Of therapeutic interest, the targeting of EGFR, pAkt, NF-κB or MIC-1 was also effective at suppressing the basal and EGF-promoted prostasphere formation by SP WPE1-NB26 cells, inducing disintegration of SP cell-derived prostaspheres and decreasing the viability of SP and non-SP WPE1-NB26 cell fractions. Also, the targeting of these oncogenic products induced the caspase-dependent apoptosis in chemoresistant SP WPE1-NB26 cells and enhanced their sensibility to the cytotoxic effects induced by docetaxel. These findings suggest that the combined use of EGFR, pAkt, NF-κB and/or MIC-1 may represent promising strategies for improving the accuracy of current diagnostic and prognostic methods and efficacy of treatments of PC patients in considering the disease heterogeneity, thereby preventing PC progression to metastatic and lethal disease states

Diagnosis of Tubercular Lymphadenopathy by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Acid-Fast Staining and Mantoux Test

Introduction: This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of Ziehl-Neelsen stain (for acid-fast bacilli), and Mantoux test in diagnosing tubercular lymphadenopathy on FNAC. Methods: FNAC was performed on patient with superfi cial lymphadenopathy. Ziehl-Neelsen stain for acid fast bacilli was done in all cases where cheesy or purulent material was aspirated and smears showed granulomatous lymphadenitis. A Mantoux test was also done in these patients. A Mantoux test was further done in patients of reactive lymphadenopathy where the lymph node size was more than 1 cm. If the result was positive, a repeat FNAC was performed. When the repeat FNAC showed ill-defi ned granulomas, excision biopsy was done. Results: Tubercular lymphadenopathy was seen in 122 (48.2%) cases. Acid- fast bacilli were found in 71 (58.1%) cases. Mantoux test was positive in 112 (91.8%) cases. A repeat FNAC was done in seven of 11 patients where the cytologic features of tuberculosis were not seen but the lymph node size was more than 1 cm and Mantoux test was positive. The repeat FNAC showed ill-defi ned granulomas without necrosis. Excision biopsy done in these patients diagnosed them as tubercular lymphadenitis in fi ve of the seven cases, the remaining two cases being diagnosed as reactive lymphadenitis. Conclusions: FNAC coupled with Ziehl – Neelsen staining for AFB and Mantoux test improves the diagnostic effi ciency for tubercular lymphadenopathy. Key Words: FNAC, lymphadenopathy, mantoux test, tuberculosis, Ziehl-Neelsen stai

CANCER PATTERN IN EASTERN REGION OF NEPAL

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HIV AIDS Related Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among High School Students in Eastern Nepal

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Comparative attitude and plans of the medical students and young

Introduction: Many doctors are leaving Nepal to work abroad. To understand this problem better, we decided to study the attitude and plans of young doctors and medical students. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Kathmandu Medical College involving 65 �rstyear medical students, 100 interns and 100 house of�cers. The data collected was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed by SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) programme. Chi-square test was used to compare two proportions

Laboratory approach To a Case Of Leukemia

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Cysticerci in Palpable Nodules Diagnosed on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

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