Urological Complications and BK Virus-Associated Diseases Under Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation

Every year 50,000 patients receive a stem cell transplantation worldwide, but there is lack of data pertaining to urological complications. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all adult patients undergoing their first allogenic stem cell transplantation from January 2011 to June 2013 in our institution. Statistical tests performed were Pearson's correlation, chi-square testing and logistic regression using SPSS 22.0. Results: We identified 39 patients (22 males, 17 females). Twenty four patients (61.5%) had a urological complication. Most frequent urologic complications were bacterial urinary tract infection (n = 13; 33.3%), acute renal failure (n = 6; 15.4%) and BK virus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (n = 5; 12.8%). BK viruria was detected in 12 patients (30.8%). We observed an association of creatinine increase (about 20 µmol/l at time of onset of BK viruria) with BK viruria (Pearson's correlation 0.64; p = 0.01), and BK viruria is significantly linked to acute renal failure (Pearson's correlation 0.35; p = 0.029). In univariate regression, BK viruria is significantly linked to urological complication (p = 0.025). Conclusions: We suggest that BK virus infection during stem cell transplantation can lead to BK virus associated nephropathy, which is so far only known from patients after kidney transplantation

Significance of Hyperbaric Oxygenation in the Treatment of Fournier’s Gangrene: A Comparative Study

Introduction: Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), in addition to anti-infective and surgical therapy, seems to be a key treatment point for Fournier’s gangrene. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of HBO therapy on the outcome and prognosis of Fournier’s gangrene. Patients and Methods: In the present multicenter, retrospective observational study, we evaluated the data of approximately 62 patients diagnosed with Fournier’s gangrene between 2007 and 2017. For comparison, 2 groups were distinguished: patients without HBO therapy (group A, n = 45) and patients with HBO therapy (group B, n = 17). The analysis included sex, age, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, laboratory and microbiological data, debridement frequency, wound dressing, antibiotic use, outcome and prognosis. The statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 7® (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, USA). Results: Demographic data showed no significant differences. The laboratory parameters C-reactive protein and urea were significantly higher in group B (group B: 301.7 vs. 140.6 mg/dL; group A: 124.8 vs. 54.7 mg/dL). Sepsis criteria were fulfilled in 77.8 and 100% of the patients in groups A and B respectively. Treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU) was therefore indicated in 69% of the patients in group A and 100% of the patients in group B. The mean ICU stay was 9 and 32 days for patients in groups A and B respectively. The wound debridement frequency and hospitalization stay were significantly greater in group B (13 vs. 5 debridement and 40 vs. 22 days). Initial antibiosis was test validated in 80% of the patients in group A and 76.5% of the patients in group B. Mortality was 0% in group B and 4.4% in the group A. Conclusion: The positive influence of HBO on the treatment of Fournier’s gangrene can be estimated only from the available data. Despite poorer baseline findings with comparable risk factors, mortality was 0% in the HBO group. The analysis of a larger patient cohort is desirable to increase the significance of the results

Is BK Virus-Associated Cystitis a Generalized Epithelial Disease?

BK polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (BKHC) is a complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, which can occur in 5–60% of the cases. BK viruria alone can also occur in up to 100%. BKHC can lead to severe morbidity in stem cell-transplanted patients, but data about this disease is limited. Consequently, we conducted a prospective unicentric non-interventional trial on BKHC as well as BK viruria after first adult allogeneic stem cell transplantation with a follow-up time of 1 year after inpatient treatment. Between November 2013 and December 2015, we were able to include 40 adult patients with a mean age of 52.8 years. Twenty-seven (67.5%) of these patients were male and 13 (32.5%) were female. Acute myeloid leukaemia was the most frequent underlying disease (n = 15; 37.5%). Only 1 patient developed BKHC during inpatient treatment (n = 1; 2.5%), but BK viruria was frequent (n = 11; 27.5%) during inpatient treatment as well as in the follow-up time (n = 14; 35%). Interestingly, BK viruria was significantly associated with mucositis (p = 0.038) and number of transfused platelet concentrates (p = 0.001). This unexpected association will be discussed and needs further investigation

Are the Polyomaviruses BK and JC Associated with Opportunistic Infections, Graft-versus-Host Disease, or Worse Outcomes in Adult Patients Receiving Their First Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation with Low-Dose Alemtuzumab?

Background: The association of polyomaviruses BK and JC with other opportunistic infections and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in allogeneic stem cell transplantation is controversially discussed. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 64 adult patients who received their first allogeneic stem cell transplantation between March 2010 and December 2014; the follow-up time was 2 years. Results: Acute leukemia was the most frequent underlying disease (45.3%), and conditioning included myeloablative (67.2%) and nonmyeloablative protocols (32.8%). All patients received 10 mg of alemtuzumab on day -2 (20 mg in case of mismatch) as GvHD prophylaxis. Twenty-seven patients (41.5%) developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. BKPyV-associated hemorrhagic cystitis was diagnosed in 10 patients (15.6%). Other opportunistic infections caused by viruses or protozoa occurred rarely (<10%). There was no association of BKPyV or JCPyV with CMV reactivation, Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, human herpes virus 6, or parvovirus B19 infection requiring treatment. There was a significant correlation of BKPyV-associated hemorrhagic cystitis with toxoplasmosis (p = 0.013). Additionally, there was a significant link of simultaneous BKPyV and JCPyV viruria with toxoplasmosis (p = 0.047). BKPyV and JCPyV were not associated with GvHD, relapse, or death. Conclusion: We found no association of BKPyV or JCPyV with viral infections or GvHD. Only the correlation of both polyomaviruses with toxoplasmosis was significant. This is a novel and interesting finding

Gender-specific outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE To analyze gender-specific differences in survival parameters in advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer patients undergoing immune checkpoint inhibition. METHODS The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate gender-specific differences in disease-free (DFS), progression-free (PFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR). The sources MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library were systematically searched from January 2010 to June 2022. No restrictions were made concerning language, study region or publication type. A comparison of gender-specific differences in survival parameters was performed using a random-effects meta-analysis. A risk of bias assessment was done using the ROBINS-I tool. RESULTS Five studies were included. In a random-effect meta-analysis of the studies, PCD4989g and IMvigor 211 with both using atezolizumab, females were more likely to have better objective response rate (ORR) than men (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.20-4.16; p = 0.0110). In addition, females had a comparable median OS to men (MD 1.16; 95% CI - 3.15-5.46; p = 0.598). In summary, comparing all results, a tendency was seen toward better response rates and survival parameters in female patients. The risk of bias assessment yielded an overall low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS There is a tendency toward better outcomes in women for immunotherapy in advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, but only for the antibody atezolizumab women have a significantly better ORR. Unfortunately, many studies fail to report gender-specific outcomes. Therefore, further research is essential when aiming for individualized medicine. This research should address immunological confounders

The 2017 Update of the German Clinical Guideline on Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Therapy, Prevention, and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Adult Patients: Part 1

Objectives: We aimed to update the 2010 evidence- and consensus-based national clinical guideline on the diagnosis and management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adult patients. Materials and Methods: An interdisciplinary group consisting of 17 representatives of 12 medical societies and a patient representative was formed. Systematic literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, ­EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify literature published in 2010–2015. Results: We provide 75 recommendations and 68 statements in the updated evidence- and consensus-based national clinical guideline. The diagnostics part covers practical recommendations on cystitis and pyelonephritis for each defined patient group. Clinical examinations, as well as laboratory testing and microbiological pathogen assessment, are addressed. Conclusion: In accordance with the global antibiotic stewardship initiative and considering new insights in scientific research, we updated our German clinical UTI guideline to promote a responsible antibiotic use and to give clear hands-on recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTIs in adults in Germany for healthcare providers and patients

The 2017 Update of the German Clinical Guideline on Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Therapy, Prevention, and Management of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Adult Patients. Part II: Therapy and Prevention

Background: We aimed to update the 2010 evidence- and consensus-based national clinical guideline on the diagnosis and management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adult patients. Results are published in 2 parts. Part 1 covers methods, the definition of patient groups, and diagnostics. This second publication focuses on treatment of acute episodes of cystitis and pyelonephritis as well as on prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs. Materials and Methods: An interdisciplinary group consisting of 17 representatives of 12 medical societies and a patient representative was formed. Systematic literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify literature published in 2010–2015. Results: For the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC), fosfomycin-trometamol, nitrofurantoin, nitroxoline, pivmecillinam, and trimethoprim (depending on the local rate of resistance) are all equally recommended. Cotrimoxazole, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins are not recommended as antibiotics of first choice, for concern of an unfavorable impact on the microbiome. Mild to moderate uncomplicated pyelonephritis should be treated with oral cefpodoxime, ceftibuten, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin. For AUC with mild to moderate symptoms, instead of antibiotics symptomatic treatment alone may be considered depending on patient preference after discussing adverse events and outcomes. Primarily non-antibiotic options are recommended for prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infection. Conclusion: In accordance with the global antibiotic stewardship initiative and considering new insights in scientific research, we updated our German clinical UTI guideline to promote a responsible antibiotic use and to give clear hands-on recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTIs in adults in Germany for healthcare providers and patients

Erforschung der Nebenwirkungen und Lebensqualität unter einer adjuvanten sequentiellen Radiochemotherapie bei Patientinnen mit High-risk-Endometriumkarzinom

Das Endometriumkarzinom ist das häufigste Karzinom des weiblichen Genitaltraktes und steht an 6. Stelle aller malignen Tumoren der Frau. Bei einer global gesehen guten Prognose gibt es eine Subgruppe, die aufgrund verschiedener prognostischer Faktoren, zum Beispiel den Differenzierungsgrad, durch signifikant schlechtere Überlebensraten charakterisiert ist. Hinsichtlich des aktuellen Forschungsstandes gibt es Hinweise, dass eine adjuvante Radiochemotherapie das Überleben dieser Patientinnen verbessern kann. Wir führten eine Phase-II-Studie zur sequentiellen Radiochemotherapie beim High-risk-Endometriumkarzinom durch, um Toxizität, Tolerabilität und Lebensqualität der Patientinnen unter der Behandlung zu evaluieren. Sekundär sollten Überlebensdaten ermittelt werden. Im Zeitraum von Dezember 2004 bis Mai 2008 konnten wir 35 Patientinnen mit der Diagnose High-risk-Endometriumkarzinom aus acht deutschen Studienzentren in die Studie einschliessen. Das adjuvante Therapieprotokoll umfasste vier Zyklen einer Chemotherapie mit Carboplatin AUC 5 und Paclitaxel 175 mg/m² gefolgt von einer perkutan pelvinen Radiatio mit 45 Gy (1,8 Gy/d; d1-5) sowie einer Brachytherapie mit 15 Gy (3x5 Gy). Optional waren eine paraaortale Bestrahlung und ein vaginaler Strahlenboost. Daten zur Lebensqualität wurden mittels QLQ-C30 nach EORTC erhoben. Die Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug 24 Monaten. Das mediane Alter unserer Studienpopulation betrug 65 Jahre. In der Mehrzahl der Fälle stellten wir die Diagnose endometrioides Endometriumkarzinom. Bezüglich der schweren hämatologischen Toxizitäten stand die Leukopenie im Vordergrund. Bei den schweren nicht-hämatologischen Nebenwirkungen sind Alopezie, Schmerz und Obstipation zu nennen. Insgesamt erreichte die Lebensqualität nach dem dritten Zyklus der systemischen Therapie ihren Tiefpunkt. Die aktuelle mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit liegt bei 21 Monaten, zwei Patientinnen sind „Lost to Follow Up“. Das mediane rezidivfreie Überleben beträgt 18 Monate und das mediane Gesamtüberleben 21 Monate. Unser Therapieregimen ist durch ein moderates Toxizitätsprofil und gute Lebensqualität gekennzeichnet. Eine weitere Evaluation erscheint viel versprechend.Introduction: Endometrial cancer is the fourth leading cancer in women. The majority of patients (85%) with endometrial cancer present with an early stage disease at the time of diagnosis and will be cured by surgery alone. In patients with poor prognostic factors or advanced-stage endometrial cancer the progression-free survival and overall survival is decreased. The management of high-risk endometrial cancer remains controversial. Different studies have investigated the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy versus adjuvant radiotherapy versus adjuvant combination treatment with radiochemotherapy, showing better overall survival rates in patients receiving radiochemotherapy. We conducted a multicenter phase-II study to determine the toxicity, tolerability and quality of life of adjuvant chemotherapy with se+ vaginal brachytherapy (vbt) (15 Gy: 3x 5 Gy) (optional: external paraaortic radiotherapy) quential radiotherapy in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. Methods: Patients with high risk endometrial cancer from 8 institutions in Germany were enrolled into the study from December 2004 through May 2008. Treatment: Paclitaxel (P) 175 mg/m² (d1, q21d) + Carboplatin (C) AUC5 (d1, q21d), External pelvic radiotherapy (prt) (45 Gy: 1.8 Gy/d, d1-5). Endpoints: Primary: tolerability, toxicity and quality of life, Secondary: progression-free survival. Eligibility criteria: high-risk endometrial cancer: endometroid endometrial cancer with figo-stage I A/B/C G3, IC G1/2, II, IIIA/C; tumorsize > 2cm; N1; L1; V1; non-endometroid endometrial cancer; abd. hysterectomy, bil. salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic (and paraaortic) lymphadenectomy and surgical staging performed; ECOG performance status 0-2; normal haematological, liver and renal function. Quality of life was evaluated using the EORTC-QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Results: The median age of our population was 65 years. Endometrioid endometrial cancer was the most common diagnosis in our patients. Leucopenia was the most common severe haematological toxtity. As non-haemotalogical toxizities alopezia, pain and obstipation were found. At the moment the median follow-up time is 21 months, two patients are “lost to follow-up”. The median progression-free-survival is 18 months and the median overall survival is 21 months. Conclusion: Adjuvant combination chemotherapie with Paclitaxel and Carboplatin and sequential radiotherapy is well tolerated and a feasible regimen with acceptable toxicity profile and good quality of life in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer