Flexibility of Epichlorohydrin Production—Increasing Profitability by Demand Response for Electricity and Balancing Market

The increasing share of variable renewable energies in the power grid is an incentive to explore demand response strategies. Chlor-alkali processes are high potential candidates, according to previous publications. Within Germany’s chemical industry, chlorine production accounts for approximately 20% of electricity use and could play a significant role in power grid stabilisation on the consumer end. This study focuses on the feasibility of load flexibilisation in epichlorohydrin plants, with the second biggest estimated demand response potential for chlorine-based products in Germany. A plant model with allyl chloride storage was created based on real data and literature values. Results from this model, spot market and balancing power prices, and future electricity market scenarios were used in a mixed-integer linear optimisation. We find that benefits from demand response can be generated as soon as additional power and storage volume is provided. The composition of provided types of balancing power bids follows the price trend on the market. Additionally, the computation time could be lowered significantly by running the scenarios in parallel. The results encourage a practical validation of the flexibility of epichlorohydrin production.BMWK,0350013A, Verbundvorhaben: ChemEFlex - Umsetzbarkeitsanalyse zur Lastflexibilisierung elektrochemischer Verfahren in der Industrie; Teilvorhaben: Modellierung der Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse sowie anderer Prozesse und deren Bewertung hinsichtlich Wirtschaftlichkeit und möglicher Hemmniss

Flexibility of Epichlorohydrin Production—Increasing Profitability by Demand Response for Electricity and Balancing Market

The increasing share of variable renewable energies in the power grid is an incentive to explore demand response strategies. Chlor-alkali processes are high potential candidates, according to previous publications. Within Germany’s chemical industry, chlorine production accounts for approximately 20% of electricity use and could play a significant role in power grid stabilisation on the consumer end. This study focuses on the feasibility of load flexibilisation in epichlorohydrin plants, with the second biggest estimated demand response potential for chlorine-based products in Germany. A plant model with allyl chloride storage was created based on real data and literature values. Results from this model, spot market and balancing power prices, and future electricity market scenarios were used in a mixed-integer linear optimisation. We find that benefits from demand response can be generated as soon as additional power and storage volume is provided. The composition of provided types of balancing power bids follows the price trend on the market. Additionally, the computation time could be lowered significantly by running the scenarios in parallel. The results encourage a practical validation of the flexibility of epichlorohydrin production

Key factors influencing productivity of whole-tree ground-based felling equipment commonly used in the pacific northwest

Around the globe, various types of forest machinery are employed to conduct fully mechanized ground-based timber harvesting. In the Pacific Northwest, the whole-tree harvesting method remains dominant. While machine-integrated sensors provide accurate productivity information in the cut-to-length harvesting method, productivity is more complicated to determine in whole-tree harvesting. This literature review compiles and analyses the existing evidence on productivity studies of feller–bunchers and feller–directors in a systematic manner and identifies the factors influencing machine productivity. The study indicates that most of the previous research was conducted in North America, particularly in Canada. It was also found that a considerable portion of the literature lacked statistical analysis. Piece size, slope, and silvicultural treatment were the most commonly studied productivity-influencing factors among the results. Although there is already a general understanding of the most important factors influencing the productivity of feller–bunchers and feller–directors, there is still a lack of accurate measurement and isolation of individual factors to facilitate accurate productivity prediction. Further research is needed for the development of systems that use integrated sensors capable of estimating machine productivity. Updated productivity models will optimize harvesting operations, identify bottlenecks, and allow for the development of best practices

Key Factors influencing Productivity of Whole Tree Ground-Based Felling equipment commonly used in the Pacific Northwest

Around the globe, various types of forest machinery are employed to conduct fully mechanized ground-based timber harvesting. In the Pacific Northwest the whole-tree harvesting method remains dominant. While machine-implemented sensors provide accurate productivity information in the cut-to-length harvesting method, productivity is more complicated to determine in whole-tree harvesting. This literature review compiles and analyses the existing evidence on productivity studies of feller-bunchers and feller-directors in a systematic manner and identifies the factors influencing machine productivity. The study indicates that most of the previous research was conducted in North America particularly in Canada. It was also found that a considerable portion of the literature lacked statistical analysis. The factors piece size, slope, and silvicultural treatment were the most commonly studied amongst the results to affect productivity. Although there is already a great knowledge of the most important factors influencing the productivity of feller-bunchers and feller-directors, there is still a lack in accurate measurement and isolation of individual factors to facilitate accurate productivity prediction. Detailed information is needed for the development of systems capable of estimating machine performance in terms of productivity through specific sensors. Updated productivity models will optimize harvesting operations, identify bottlenecks, and allow the development of best practices.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

FXIIa activity in presence of glycosaminoglycans.

<p>FXIIa was incubated with unfractionated heparin (UFH), tinzaparin (TINZA), chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A), heparan sulfate (HS11-08), oversulfated heparan sulfate (OSHep) and over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) (final concentration: 12.5 μg/ml) for 10 min at 37°C. Then, its amidolytic activity was measured using S-2302. The dashed line marks the positive control in absence of test compound. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05) calculated with t-test versus positive control. Mean ± SD (n ≥ 2 test runs on different days)</p

Sulfated glycans potentiate the inhibition of C1s by C1 inhibitor.

<p>The C1s activity was measured in the absence and presence of C1-INH and test compounds (final concentration as indicated) by a chromogenic substrate assay. a) Residual C1s activity after incubation with C1-INH in absence and presence of unfractionated heparin (UFH), oversulfated heparin (OSHep) and the β-1,3-glucan sulfate PS3. The grey dashed line marks the C1s activity in presence of C1-INH alone. b) C1-INH potentiation (%) calculated as ratio of the additional C1s inhibition in presence of test compound to the C1s inhibition by C1-INH alone. Mean ± SD (n = 3 test runs on different days).</p

Regulation of Complement and Contact System Activation via C1 Inhibitor Potentiation and Factor XIIa Activity Modulation by Sulfated Glycans – Structure-Activity Relationships

<div><p>The serpin C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) is the only regulator of classical complement activation as well as the major regulator of the contact system. Its importance is demonstrated by hereditary angioedema (HAE), a severe disease with potentially life-threatening attacks due to deficiency or dysfunction of C1-INH. C1-INH replacement is the therapy of choice in HAE. In addition, C1-INH showed to have beneficial effects in other diseases characterized by inappropriate complement and contact system activation. Due to some limitations of its clinical application, there is a need for improving the efficacy of therapeutically applied C1-INH or to enhance the activity of endogenous C1-INH. Given the known potentiating effect of heparin on C1-INH, sulfated glycans (SG) may be such candidates. The aim of this study was to characterize suitable SG by evaluating structure-activity relationships. For this, more than 40 structurally distinct SG were examined for their effects on C1-INH, C1s and FXIIa. The SG turned out to potentiate the C1s inhibition by C1-INH without any direct influence on C1s. Their potentiating activity proved to depend on their degree of sulfation, molecular mass as well as glycan structure. In contrast, the SG had no effect on the FXIIa inhibition by C1-INH, but structure-dependently modulated the activity of FXIIa. Among the tested SG, β-1,3-glucan sulfates with a M_r ≤ 10 000 were identified as most promising lead candidates for the development of a glycan-based C1-INH amplifier. In conclusion, the obtained information on structural characteristics of SG favoring C1-INH potentiation represent an useful elementary basis for the development of compounds improving the potency of C1-INH in diseases and clinical situations characterized by inappropriate activation of complement and contact system.</p></div

Structural characteristics of the tested compounds.

<p>Structural characteristics of the tested compounds.</p

C1 inhibitor potentiation by heparins depends on both their molecular mass and degree of sulfation.

<p>The C1s activity was measured in the presence of C1-INH and different heparins (final concentration: 6.25 μg/ml) by a chromogenic substrate assay. The C1-INH potentiation (%) is the increase in C1s inhibition in the presence of test compound in relation to the C1s inhibition by C1-INH alone. Mean of ≥ 3 test runs on different days.</p