Systematic Phonics Instruction Within Word Study at the Primary Grades

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to compare nonsense word reading, phoneme segmentation fluency and overall reading achievement of four low performing first and second graders before and after replacing teacher constructed word activities with systematic synthetic phonics instruction (SSPI). In addition to quantitative data, qualitative interview data was collected from four district interventionists who provided insight into instructional experiences. Nonsense word reading fluency of this sample produced mixed responses to instruction. All four students made gains in phoneme segmentation fluency after SSPI. The researcher suggests continuing the current implementation of Guided Reading Plus by highly trained teachers

Separation of Fluoride Residue Arising from Fluoride Volatility Recovery of Uranium from Spent Nuclear Fuel

The overall objective of this study was to support an alternative hybrid process to meet Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) goals, using fluorination and aqueous processing techniques, for treatment of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The specific goal was to develop a simple aqueous dissolution process to separate two high-heat fission products, cesium and strontium, from SNF fluoride residues. This separation study was based on solubility differences examined by modeling using the HSC Chemistry 5.0 and OLI Stream Analyzer 1.2 programs. HSC automatically utilizes an extensive thermochemical database, which contains enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and heat capacity (Cp) data for more than 17,000 chemical compounds. The OLI Stream Analyzer 1.2 program is the result of over 30 years of effort and represents the state-of-the-art technology in aqueous solution simulation. The work focused on the fluoride residues from the voloxidation and fluorination steps of the fluoride volatility process and was limited to SNF from commercial light-water reactors. Material balances were used to estimate the quantity of residue. A representative SNF was considered to be one with a burnup of 33,000 megawatt days per metric tonne initial heavy metal (MWd/MTIHM) after a 10-year cooling period, from a pressurized-water reactor (PWR). The dry fluorination method was used for uranium removal. The work described in this paper was based solely on computer modeling, which may serve as the basis for any necessary follow-on laboratory validation experiments. Observations from this study showed that the separation of fluoride residues by a simplified, alternative aqueous process is practical. The simulated process could be carried out at 1 atm and 30-50oC. The OLI model showed separation of cesium and strontium was possible with only one dissolution with water, whereas the HSC model indicated two dissolutions would be required. Plutonium and Np were removed together, which would maintain proliferation resistance. Because this research was based on computer modeling, follow-on laboratory experiments are necessary to validate the results and to improve the process flow diagram. Further development of the process flow diagram, with equipment design and cost estimation, is also recommended

Development of a Monitoring Framework for the Detection of Diversion of Intermediate Products in a Generic Natural Uranium Conversion Plant

The objective of this work is the development of an on-line monitoring and data analysis framework that could detect the diversion of intermediate products such as uranium dioxide, uranium tetrafluoride, and uranium hexafluoride in a natural uranium conversion plant (NUCP) using a multivariate statistical approach. This was an initial effort to determine the feasibility of this approach for safeguards applications. This study was limited to a 100 metric ton of uranium (MTU) per year NUCP using the wet solvent extraction method for the purification of uranium ore concentrate. A key component in the multivariate statistical methodology was the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach for the analysis of data, development of the base model, and evaluation of future operations. The PCA approach was implemented through the use of singular value decomposition of the data matrix. Component mole balances were used to model each of the process units in the NUCP. The decision framework developed in this research could be used to determine whether or not a diversion of material has occurred at an NUCP as part of an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards system. The IAEA goal for NUCPs of this size is to have a 50% probability of detecting the diversion of 10 MTU over a period of one year; this was also used as the goal of detection for the monitoring framework. An initial sensitivity analysis was also performed on the relationship between the component molar flow rates (state variables) and the process parameters. This sensitivity study identified a few parameters to which some of the state variables were highly sensitive. Several faulty scenarios were developed to test the monitoring framework after the base case or “normal operating conditions” of the PCA model was established. In nearly all of the scenarios, the monitoring framework was able to detect the fault. The detection limit varied depending on the scenario, but it satisfied the limit stated above in nearly of the all cases. For the cases that the goal was not achieved, additional scaling may be able to lower the detection limit to satisfy the goal. Overall this study was successful at meeting the stated objective

Class Lives: Stories From Across our Economic Divide

[Excerpt] Class is the last great taboo in the United States. It is, according to Noam Chomsky, “the unmentionable five-letter word.” Even in this period of growing economic inequality, we hardly ever talk about class. We hear daily, in the mainstream media, about unemployment, bailouts, proposed tax cuts or tax hikes, Congress regulating one industry and deregulating another, budget cuts, recession, recovery, roller-coaster markets, CEO bonuses, and more. Given all the attention to economics, it is interesting that talk about social class has been so skimpy. Sometimes I think of class as our collective, national family secret. And, as any therapist will tell you, family secrets are problematic. With rare exceptions, we just don’t talk about class in the United States. Most of us believe that the United States is a classless society, one that is basically middle class (except for a few unfortu­nate poor people and some lucky rich ones). Sometimes talk about class is really about race. We have no shared language about class. We have been taught from childhood myths and misconceptions around class mobility and the American dream. Many of us are confused about class and don’t tend to think about it as consciously as we might our race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, or sexual orientation. Nonetheless, our class identity has a huge impact on every aspect of our lives: from parenting style to how we speak, from what we dare to dream to the likelihood we will spend time in prison, from how we spend our days to how many days we have. We are living in a period of extraordinary economic insecurity and inequality. It is an inequality that crushes the poor, drains the working class, eliminates the middle class, simultaneously aggrandizes and dehumanizes the rich, and disembowels democracy

Understanding teacher attraction and retention drivers: addressing teacher shortages

The attraction and retention of teachers is a problem faced by schools worldwide and possibly more so in the public sector. One possible solution to this problem is likely to be better targeting of attraction and retention drivers of value to teachers. This paper presents the findings from a qualitative study conducted in Australia. The study used electronic in-depth interviews and an online survey to interrogate the reasons teachers are attracted to the profession and what drives their decision to either stay or leave. Participants in the study were both serving and retired teachers. The majority of respondents cited intrinsic motivators as the reasons for joining the teaching profession and among the serving teachers, those with higher intrinsic motivational drivers exhibited a more positive intention to remain. While both groups viewed extrinsic rewards in the form of pay, the school environment and working conditions as important, intrinsic motivation had most influence on intention to stay in the profession

Uranyl Nitrate Flow Loop

The objectives of the work discussed in this report were to: (1) develop a flow loop that would simulate the purified uranium-bearing aqueous stream exiting the solvent extraction process in a natural uranium conversion plant (NUCP); (2) develop a test plan that would simulate normal operation and disturbances that could be anticipated in an NUCP; (3) use the flow loop to test commercially available flowmeters for use as safeguards monitors; and (4) recommend a flowmeter for production-scale testing at an NUCP. There has been interest in safeguarding conversion plants because the intermediate products [uranium dioxide (UO{sub 2}), uranium tetrafluoride (UF{sub 4}), and uranium hexafluoride (UF{sub 6})] are all suitable uranium feedstocks for producing special nuclear materials. Furthermore, if safeguards are not applied virtually any nuclear weapons program can obtain these feedstocks without detection by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Historically, IAEA had not implemented safeguards until the purified UF{sub 6} product was declared as feedstock for enrichment plants. H. A. Elayat et al. provide a basic definition of a safeguards system: 'The function of a safeguards system on a chemical conversion plant is in general terms to verify that no useful nuclear material is being diverted to use in a nuclear weapons program'. The IAEA now considers all highly purified uranium compounds as candidates for safeguarding. DOE is currently interested in 'developing instruments, tools, strategies, and methods that could be of use to the IAEA in the application of safeguards' for materials found in the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle-prior to the production of the uranium hexafluoride or oxides that have been the traditional starting point for IAEA safeguards. Several national laboratories, including Oak Ridge, Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore, and Brookhaven, have been involved in developing tools or techniques for safeguarding conversion plants. This study was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) NA-241, Office of Dismantlement and Transparency

Is a community still a community? Reviewing definitions of key terms in community ecology

Community ecology is an inherently complicated field, confounded by the conflicting use of fundamental terms. Nearly two decades ago, Fauth etal. (1996) demonstrated that imprecise language led to the virtual synonymy of important terms and so attempted to clearly define four keywords in community ecology; community, assemblage, guild, and ensemble. We revisit Fauth etal.\u27s conclusion and discuss how the use of these terms has changed over time since their review. An updated analysis of term definition from a selection of popular ecological textbooks suggests that definitions have drifted away from those encountered pre-1996, and slightly disagreed with results from a survey of 100 ecology professionals (comprising of academic professors, nonacademic PhDs, graduate and undergraduate biology students). Results suggest that confusion about these terms is still widespread in ecology. We conclude with clear suggestions for definitions of each term to be adopted hereafter to provide greater cohesion among research groups

Profiles in Science: John Bennett Fenn

“Don’t ever try to be a scientist or engineer!” Had John Bennett Fenn listened to this advice given by his ninth grade teacher, he might not have gone on to pursue a career in analytical chemistry which would culminate in the attainment of the Nobel Prize in 2002. Gathered from interviews, publication analyses, glowing tributes, and his reminiscences, this paper outlines the academic and professional life of John Fenn from childhood through the end of his career in 2010