Influence du sexe sur l'autorégulation cérébrale dynamique chez des individus actifs et en santé

De plus en plus de données probantes dans la littérature démontrent des différences sexuelles dans la régulation du débit sanguin cérébral (DSC), notamment dans le DSC de repos et la réactivité vasculaire cérébrale au dioxyde de carbone. De plus, très peu d’études se sont intéressées aux différences sexuelles pour l’autorégulation cérébrale (AC), un déterminant crucial qui décrit la relation entre la pression artérielle moyenne (PAM) et le DSC [souvent évalué via la vitesse moyenne du sang dans l’artère cérébrale moyenne (MCAv)]. Toutes les études qui ont évalué l’influence du sexe sur l’AC pendant un passage de la position assise à debout (StS ou des répétitions de squats) ont été faite sur des population âgées ou par la mesure de l’AC statique (i.e. comparaison de variables en état stable). De plus, la plupart des mesures qui quantifient la réponse dynamique de l’AC ne sont pas reliées entre elles et la comparaison de diverses techniques d’analyses entre les études peut entraîner des interprétations variables. De ce fait, l’utilisation d’une approche multi-métrique pourrait contribuer à améliorer notre compréhension de l’AC. Conséquemment, le but de cette étude était d’évaluer l’influence du sexe sur l’AC dynamique chez une population jeune et en santé à l’aide d’une approche utilisant différents stress et mesures (StS, analyse de la fonction de transfert des oscillations spontanées et forcées de la PAM et de la MCAv). Nous avons aussi évalué la relation entre la prévalence d’hypotension orthostatique initiale et les différentes mesures de l’AC, dans le but de déterminer si l’effet potentiel du sexe dénote un impact fonctionnel. Nos résultats ont indiqué une capacité réduite des vaisseaux cérébraux des femmes à réagir à des changements importants et rapide de la pression artérielle. Cependant, ces changements ne semblent pas suffisant pour indiquer une altération fonctionnelle du système cérébrovasculaire féminin.Accumulating evidence supports the notion that there are sexual differences in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), notably for resting CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide. Plus, very few studies have attempted to assess sexual differences in cerebral autoregulation (CA), a crucial determinant relating mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CBF [evaluated via mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery [MCAv)]. All the studies examining sex influence on CA during either sit-to-stand (StS) or squat-stand maneuvers were done in older populations or by examining static CA (i.e. comparison of steady-state variables). Plus, most metrics quantifying the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory response have a limited ability to characterize each other and comparisons between studies using diverse analytical techniques can produce variable physiological interpretations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of sex on the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity in a young and healthy population using a multiple assessment strategy and hemodynamic stressors (StS, transfer function analysis of spontaneous and forced MAP and MCAv oscillations). We also examined the degree to which dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity was related to the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension, in order to appreciate whether the potential impact of sex on dynamic cerebral autoregulatory denotes a functional outcome. Our results indicate a reduced ability of women’s cerebrovasculature to react to large and rapid changes in MAP. However, these subtle impairments did not appear sufficient enough to represent a functional impairment of the female cerebrovasculature

Cancer risk in childhood-onset systemic lupus

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess cancer incidence in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: We ascertained cancers within SLE registries at 10 pediatric centers. Subjects were linked to cancer registries for the observational interval, spanning 1974 to 2009. The ratio of observed to expected cancers represents the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) or relative cancer risk in childhood-onset SLE, versus the general population. RESULTS: There were 1020 patients aged <18 at cohort entry. Most (82%) were female and Caucasian; mean age at cohort entry was 12.6 years (standard deviation (SD) = 3.6). Subjects were observed for a total of 7,986 (average 7.8) patient-years. Within this interval, only three invasive cancers were expected. However, 14 invasive cancers occurred with an SIR of 4.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6 to 7.8. Three hematologic cancers were found (two non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, one leukemia), for an SIR of 5.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 15.2). The SIRs stratified by age group and sex, were similar across these strata. There was a trend for highest cancer occurrence 10 to 19 years after SLE diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an increased cancer risk in pediatric onset SLE versus the general population. In absolute terms, this represents relatively few events. Of note, risk may be highest only after patients have transferred to adult care

Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus reservoirs in paired blood and breast cancer primary biopsy specimens by real time PCR

INTRODUCTION: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in over 90% of the world's population. This infection is considered benign, even though in limited cases EBV is associated with infectious and neoplastic conditions. Over the past decade, the EBV association with breast cancer has been constantly debated. Adding to this clinical and biological uncertainty, different techniques gave contradictory results for the presence of EBV in breast carcinoma specimens. In this study, minor groove binding (MGB)-TaqMan real time PCR was used to detect the presence of EBV DNA in both peripheral blood and tumor samples of selected patients. METHODS: Peripheral blood and breast carcinoma specimens from 24 patients were collected. DNA was extracted and then amplified by MGB-TaqMan real time PCR. RESULTS: Of 24 breast tumor specimens, 11 (46%) were positive for EBV DNA. Of these 11 breast tumor specimens, 7 (64%) were also positive for EBV DNA in the peripheral blood, while 4 (36%) were positive for EBV DNA in the tumor, but negative in the blood. CONCLUSION: EBV was found at extremely low levels, with a mean of 0.00004 EBV genomes per cell (range 0.00014 to 0.00001 EBV genomes per cell). Furthermore, our finding of the presence of EBV in the tumor specimens coupled to the absence of detection of EBV genomic DNA in the peripheral blood is consistent with the epithelial nature of the virus. Because of the low levels of viral DNA in tumor tissue, further studies are needed to assess the biological input of EBV in breast cancer

Argumenter son mémoire ou sa thèse

Comprend des références bibliographiquesSans négliger la place de la méthodologie (collecte des données, outils et techniques d’analyse, etc.) dans la recherche en sciences humaines, il faut toutefois admettre que ce sont l’argumentation et la rhétorique qui prédominent à l’étape de la rédaction. Toute recherche veut démontrer ou faire admettre une thèse. Pour ce faire, il ne suffit pas d’accoler bout à bout les données empiriques, comme il ne suffit pas d’étaler sur une table des bleuets, de la farine, du sucre et du beurre pour prétendre qu’il s’agit là d’une tarte aux bleuets. Chaque argument doit s’enchaîner selon un ordre logique pour en arriver à présenter un énoncé vrai ou vraisemblable. S’adressant aux étudiants des cycles supérieurs, Argumenter son mémoire ou sa thèse explique comment bâtir une structure argumentative qui respecte les liens de nécessité unissant les arguments entre eux, tout en établissant une hiérarchisation entre les énoncés. L’ouvrage recense également les divers procédés rhétoriques qui, utilisés à bon escient, consolident la communication et engagent l’adhésion des pairs à la thèse.La structure argumentative ; Argumentaire et raisonnement ; Preuve, arguments et thèse ; Écrire pour convaincre : la rhétorique de l'écritur

Cerebral blood flow pulsatility and cerebral artery stiffness acutely decrease during hemodialysis

Abstract End‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) is associated with increased arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment. Cognitive decline is accelerated in ESKD patients on hemodialysis and may result from repeatedly inappropriate cerebral blood flow (CBF). The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of hemodialysis on pulsatile components of CBF and their relation to acute changes in arterial stiffness. In eight participants (age: 63 ± 18 years, men: 5), CBF was estimated using middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) assessed with transcranial Doppler ultrasound before, during, and after a single hemodialysis session. Brachial and central blood pressure, along with estimated aortic stiffness (eAoPWV) were measured using an oscillometric device. Arterial stiffness from heart to MCA was measured as the pulse arrival time (PAT) between electrocardiogram (ECG) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound waveforms (cerebral PAT). During hemodialysis, there was a significant reduction in mean MCAv (−3.2 cm/s, p < 0.001), and systolic MCAv (−13.0 cm/s, p < 0.001). While baseline eAoPWV (9.25 ± 0.80 m/s) did not significantly change during hemodialysis, cerebral PAT increased significantly (+0.027 , p < 0.001) and was associated with reduced pulsatile components of MCAv. This study shows that hemodialysis acutely reduces stiffness of arteries perfusing the brain along with pulsatile components of blood velocity

Electrical resistance tomography to monitor vadose water movement

We report results of one test in which Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) was used to map the changes in electrical resistivity in the vadose zone as a function of time while water infiltration occurred. The ERT images were used to infer shape and movement of the infiltration plume in the unsaturated soil. We supplied a continuous water source at a point about 10 feet below the surface (at the end of a shallow screened hole) for only a short time -- 2.5 hours. This pulsed source introduced a slug'' of water whose infiltration was followed to about 60 foot depth during a 23 hour period. The ERT images show resistivity decreases as the water content of the vadose zone increased while water was added to the soil; the resistivity of the soil later increased after the supply of water was cut-off and the induced soil moisture began to subside