Quality Of Drinking Water Fluoridation Of Capão Bonito, S P, Brazil, Evaluated By Operational And External Controls

Purpose: To evaluate the quality of drinking water fluoridation of Capão Bonito, S P, Brazil, whose optimal fluoride concentration should be between 0.6 to 0.8 ppm F, considering the balance benefits/risks. Methods: Historical records (n=1,964) from 2005 to 2009 of the water treatment plant (operational control) were evaluated. Also, from July 2009 to June 2010, 120 samples of the network water were collected for analysis and the fluoride concentrations found (external control) were compared with records of operational control of the same period. Results: According to the historical records, 76.3% of the samples had acceptable fluoride concentration and this value was confirmed by the external control done during one year, which found that 80.8% of samples were within the optimal range. However, considering the samples out the optimal range, while the records of the operational control showed values below the minimum, the results of the external control found higher percentage of samples above the maximum. Conclusion: The data show the relevance to have a quality control of drinking water fluoridation because at same time the operational control analysis suggests that certain percentage of the population would not be receiving anticaries benefits, the external control indicates that it would be in increased risk of fluorosis. Copyright: © 2011 Olivati et al.;.264285290McDonagh, M.S., Whiting, P.F., Wilson, P.M., Sutton, A.J., Chestnutt, I., Cooper, J.X., Systematic review of water fluoridation (2000) BMJ, 321, pp. 855-859Galagan, D.J., Vermillion, J.R., Determining optimum fluoride concentrations (1957) Public Health Rep, 72, pp. 491-493Frazão, P., Peres, M.A., Cury, J.A., Drinking water quality and fluoride concentration (2011) Rev Saude Publica, 45, pp. 964-973Brasil. Lei Federal n°6.050, de 24/05/1974 (1974) Coleção Das Leis de 1974: Atos do Poder Legislativo: Leis de Abril a Junho, 3, p. 107. , Brasília, DF: Departamento de Imprensa NacionalCatani, D.B., Amaral, R.C., Oliveira, C., Souza, M.L.R., Cury, J.A., Ten years of external control of the fluoride level in public drinking water by Brazilian cities, Brazil, 1996-2006 (in Portuguese) (2008) RGO x, 56, pp. 145-149Panizzi, M., Peres, M.A., Ten years of external control over water fluoridation in Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil (in Portuguese) (2008) Cad Saúde Pública, 24, pp. 2021-2031Portaria 635 de 26 de Dezembro de 1975. Aprova Normas e Padrões Sobre a Fluoretação da Água de Sistemas Públicos de Abastecimento. Diario Oficial União, , http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/legislacao/portaria635_26_12_75.pdf, 30 jan. 1976 cited 2006 Jan. 18(2006) National Guideline on Sampling Plan of the Environment Health Vigilance for Assessment of Quality of Water for Human use, , Brazil. Ministry of Health, Brasília, in PortugueseMartínez-Mier, E.A., Cury, J.A., Heilman, J.R., Katz, B.P., Levy, S.M., Li, Y., Maguire, A., Development of gold standard ion-selective electrode-based methods for fluoride analysis (2011) Caries Res, 45, pp. 3-12Moura, M.S., Silva, J.S., Simplício, A.H.M., Cury, J.A., Long-Term Assessment of Fuoride Level of Public Water Supply in Teresina-Piauí (in Portuguese) (2005) Rev Odonto Ciênc, 20, pp. 132-136Ramires, I., Maia, L.P., Rigolizzo, D.S., Lauris, J.L.P., Buzalaf, M.A.R., External control of water supply in Bauru, S P, Brazil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública, 40, pp. 883-889Amaral, R.C., Sousa, M.L.R., Eight months of external control of fluoride levels in the public water supply in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil (2007) Revista de Odontologia da Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (in Portuguese), 19, pp. 131-136Cury, J.A., Tenuta, L.M., Enamel remineralization: Controlling the caries disease or treating early caries lesions? (2009) Braz Oral Res, 23 (1 SUPPL.), pp. 23-30Bardsen, A., "Risk periods" associated with the development of dental fluorosis in maxillary permanent central incisors: A meta-analysis (1999) Acta Odontol Scand, 57, pp. 247-256Catani, D.B., Hugo, F.N., Cypriano, S., Sousa Mda, L., Cury, J.A., Relationship between fluoride levels in the public water supply and dental fluorosis (2007) Rev Saude Publica, 41, pp. 732-739Catani, D.B., Tenuta, L.M., Andaló, F.A., Cury, J.A., Fluorosis in rats exposed to oscillating chronic fluoride doses (2010) Braz Dent J, 21, pp. 32-37Documento de Consenso Técnico, , http://www.cecol.fsp.usp.br/dcms/fck/file/SeminarioVigifluor2011/ CECOL-USP-ClassificacaoAguasSegundoTeorFluor-DocumentoConsensoTecnico-2011(2). pdf, Classificação de águas de abastecimento público, Acesso em Nov. 1

Cashew Orchards Conserve The Potential For Forest Recovery

Outside of agroforestry disciplines, “orchards” and “forests” are usually studied through different fields of knowledge or are mired in conflicting views. Our study aimed to provide preliminary information on regeneration in cashew orchards by studying the effect of previous land cover, the surrounding landscape, and orchards’ age on the density of species and number of plants. We followed linear transects in orchards planted in areas previously covered by savannah and forest. We found typical forest species growing in the understory, even in orchards previously occupied by savannah or as old as 42 years. The density of species is higher in orchards planted in previously forested plots and in more forested environments. Species density in the understory decreases as orchards get older, but it seems that it increases again after a certain age threshold. This study shows that cashew orchards in Cantanhez retain their potential for succession to forest, and highlights the continuum that may exist between orchards and forests. More research is needed to assess a possible “forestization” of the savannahs through cashew plantations.392134154Anglaare, L.C.N., Cobbina, J., Sinclair, F.L., McDonald, M.A., The effect of land use systems on tree diversity: farmer preference and species composition of cocoa-based agroecosystems in Ghana (2011) Agroforestry Systems, 81 (3), pp. 249-265Appiah, M., Changes in plants species composition within a planted forest in a deciduous agroecosystem in Ghana (2012) Agroforestry Systems, 85, pp. 57-74Aweto, A.O., Secondary succession and soil fertility restoration in south-western Nigeria: I (1981) Succession. Journal of Ecology, 69 (2), pp. 601-607Aweto, A.O., Ishola, M.A., The impact of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) on forest soil (1994) Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 30 (3), pp. 337-341Balde, S., Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Lisboa (2008) Buba-Quebo: corredor de desenvolvimento no sul da Guiné-Bissau. Masters thesisCarreiras, J.M.B., Vasconcelos, M.J., Lucas, R.M., Understanding the relationship between aboveground biomass and ALOS PALSAR data in the forests of Guinea-Bissau (West Africa) (2012) Remote Sensing of Environment, 121, pp. 426-442Cassamá, V.L.S., Instituto Superior Técnico. Lisboa (2006) Alterações do coberto do solo na mata do Cantanhez (Guiné-Bissau) de 1053 a 2003, , Portugal: Universidade Técnica de LisboaCatarino, L., PhD Thesis (2004) Fitogeografia da Guiné-Bissau, , ISA/UTL, LisbonCatarino, L., Cassama, V., Vasconcelos, M.J., Temudo, M., As florestas do Cantanhez (Guiné-Bissau)—Vegetação, alterações do coberto do solo e utilização dos recursos naturais (2012) Ecologi@, 4, pp. 43-58Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Pinto-Basto, M.F., Diniz, M.A., (2006) Plantas vasculares e briófitos da Guiné-Bissau, , Lisbon: IICT and IPADCatarino, L., Martins, E.S., Pinto-Basto, M.F., Diniz, M.A., An annotated checklist of the vascular flora of Guinea-Bissau (West Africa) (2008) Blumea, 53, pp. 1-222Colwell, R.K., (2013), http://purl.oclc.org/estimates, (accessed January 3, 2013)Colwell, R.K., Conddinton, J.A., Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation (1994) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 345 (1311), pp. 101-118Comissão Nacional do Caju, Cashew National Comission and Ministry of Trade, Industry and Craftwork (2009) Relatório da campanha de comercialização e exportação da castanha de caju 2009, , BissauFairhead, J., Leach, M., Enriching the landscape: Social history and the management of transition ecology in the forst. Savanna mosaic of the Republic of Guinea. Africa: (1996) Journal of the International African Institute, 66 (1), pp. 14-36(2012), http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor, (accessed August 20,2012)Finegan, B., Forest succession (1984) Nature, 312 (8), pp. 109-114(2012), http://french.news.cn/afrique/2012-08/11/c_131777095.htm, (accessed August 13, 2012)Gacitua-Mario, E., (2007), https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/ handle/10986/6879/390440REPLACEM10082137021901PUBLIC1.pdf?sequence1, (accessedNovember10, 2012)Gonçalves, A.E., Diniz, M.A., Catarino, L., Subsídios para o conhecimento da flora do Cantanhez (Guiné-Bissau)—I. Garcia de Orta (1999) Série Botânica, 14 (2), pp. 93-126Gotelli, N., Colwell, R., Estimating species richness (2011) Frontiers in measuring biodiversity, pp. 39-54. , Magurran A., McGill B., (eds), In, eds, New York: Oxford University PressIngle, N.R., Seed dispersal by wind, birds, and bats between Philippine montane rainforest and successional vegetation (2003) Oecologia, 134 (2), pp. 251-261Instituto da Biodiversidade e Áreas Protegidas, IBAP (2007) Estratégia nacional para as áreas protegidas e a conservação da biodiversidade na Guiné-Bissau 2007–2011, , Bissau:Leciak, E., PhD Thesis. Universite de Bordeaux III–Michel de Montaigne (2007) De l’espece eu territoire. La gestion locale de la biodiversite en Guinee Maritime, , Bordeaux:Lundy, B.D., Playing the market: how the cashew “commondityscape” is redefining Guinea-Bissau’s countryside (2012) Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 34 (1), pp. 33-52Lynn, S., Jaeger, P., Private Sector Rehabilitation and Development Project of Guinea-Bissau (2004) Guinea-Bissau cashew sector development study, , BissauMadelaine, C., Malézieux, E., Sibelet, N., Manlay, A., Semi-wild palm groves reveal agricultural change in the forest region of Guinea (2008) Agroforestry Systems, 73, pp. 189-204Ministério da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, MADR (2006) Projecto do plano de acção nacional da luta contra a desertificação na Guiné-Bissau (PAN/LCD), , Bissau:Ministério de Desenvolvimento Rural, Agricultura, Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Projecto GBS/97/G31/1G/9 (1997) Estratégia e plano de acção para a biodiversidade na Guiné-Bissau, , PNUD, Bissau:Musila, W., Oesker, M., Gliniars, R., Todt, H., Dalitz, H., 18th Commonwealth Forestry Conference (2010) Increasing resilience to climate change of a Kenyan biodiversity hotspot through forest restoration, , Edinburgh, June 28–July 2.:Nansen, C., Tchabi, A., Meikle, W.G., Successional sequence of forest types in a disturbed dry forest reserve in Southern Benin, West Africa (2001) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17 (4), pp. 525-539Nyerges, A.E., Coppice swidden fallows in tropical deciduous forest: biological, technological, and sociocultural determinants of secondary forest successions (1989) Human Ecology, 17 (4), pp. 379-400Oom, D., (2009), http://carboveg-gb.dpp.pt/pages/publications_presentations/files/publications/2_33_ISRSE_TS-13-4_DuarteOom.pdf, (accessed October 5, 2012)Pascarella, J.B., Aide, T.M., Serrano, M.I., Zimmerman, J.K., Land-use history and forest regeneration in the Cayey mountains, Puerto Rico (2000) Ecosystems, 3 (3), pp. 217-228Ræbild, A., Hansen, H.H., Dartell, J., Ky, J.M.K., Sanou, L., Ethnicity, land use and woody vegetation: a case study from suth-western Burkina Faso (2007) Agrofrestry Systems, 70, pp. 157-167Ræbild, A., Hansen, U.B., Kambou, S., Regeneration of vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa in a parkland in Southern Burkina Faso (2012) Agroforestry Systems, 85, pp. 443-453Rhodes, C.C., Single-tree influences on soil properties in agroforestry: lessons from natural forest and savanna ecosystems (1997) Agroforestry Systems, 35, pp. 71-94Rivera, L.W., Zimmerman, J.K., Aide, T.M., Forest recovery in abandoned agricultural lands in a karst region of the Dominican Republic (2000) Plant Ecology, 148 (2), pp. 115-125. , and, –Sousa, F., (2011), http://www.conferenciasdoestoril.com/cache/bin/bolsa_investigacao_relatorio_final-1462.pdf, (accessedOctober11, 2012)Sousa, J., PhD thesis, Department of Anthropology & Geography Shape-shifting nature in a contested landscape of southern Guinea-Bissau, , submitted, Oxford: Oxford Brookes UniversityStromgaard, P., Early succession on abandoned shifting cultivator’s plots in the Miombo of South Central Africa (1986) Biotropica, 18 (2), pp. 97-106Temudo, M.P., A narrativa da degradação ambiental da Guiné-Bissau: uma desconstrução etnográfica (2009) Etnográfica, 13 (2), pp. 237-264Temudo, M.P., Abrantes, M.B., Changing policies, shifting livelihoods: the fate of agriculture in Guinea-Bissau (2012) Journal of Agrarian Change, 13 (4), pp. 571-589Temudo, M.P., Schiefer, U., Disintegration and resilience of agrarian societies in Africa—The importance of social and genetic resources: a case study on the reception of urban war refugees in the south of Guinea-Bissau (2003) Current Sociology, 51 (3-4), pp. 393-416Todd-Bockarie, A.H., Duryea, M.L., Seed pretreatment methods to improve germination of the multipurpose West African forest species Dialium guineense (1993) Forest Ecology and Management, 57, pp. 257-273(2008), http://www.gw.undp.org/documents%20update%202012/PRODOC_Guinea%20Bissau%20PA%20System_FINAL.pdf, (accessed October 5, 2012)Vieira, D.L.M., Holl, K.D., Peneireiro, F.M., Agro-successional restoration as a strategy to facilitate tropical forest recovery (2009) Restoration Ecology, 17 (4), pp. 451-459Wartena, D., (2006) Styles of making a living and ecological change on the Fon and Adja plateaux in south Bénin, ca. 1600–1990, , PhD dissertation, Wageningen University(2012), http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1749, (accessed September 1, 2012)(2012), http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid673, (accessed September 24, 2012)(2012), http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid724, (accessed September 24, 2012