92 research outputs found
Sekundarna prevencija kardiovaskularnih bolesti
SAŽETAK Kardiovaskularne bolesti najvažniji su uzrok pobola i smrtnosti. MetaboliÄki sindrom je vrlo
koristan koncept koji pomaže u identificiranju visokoriziÄnih bolesnika. Ispravna sekundarna prevencija,
u skladu sa smjernicama temeljenim na dokazima, znaÄajno smanjuje uÄestalost nefatalnih
i fatalnih kardiovaskularnih dogaÄaja te poboljÅ”ava kvalitetu i duljinu života. Takva prevencija ukljuÄuje
viÅ”e nefarmakoloÅ”kih mjera, odgovarajuÄe farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje i moguÄu revaskularizaciju
miokarda. Sekundarna prevencija koronarne bolesti srca može se sažeto izraziti akronimom BASIKOR
(Beta-blokator, Acetilsalicilna kiselina, Statin, Inhibitor ACE, Kontrola Äimbenika rizika, Omega-3 masne
kliseline, Revaskularizacija
Serum Zinc Concentrations in the Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Zinc is necessary for growth and cellsā division. Its deficiency may seriously affect antioxidant defense system and is usually related to renal failure, gastrointestinal diseases and alcoholism. It is very important to know zinc status in dialyzed patients and to prevent hypo- or hyperzincemia. Serum samples from 89 patients with chronic terminal renal failure on regular hemodialysis were withdrawn for the estimation of zinc concentrations immediately before and after dialysis. Serum zinc concentrations showed to be highly dependent on hemodialysis. In 57 (64%) patients, serum zinc concentrations
decreased, sometimes from very high to normal values. In remaining 32 (36%) patients serum zinc concentrations tended to increase, but remained within normal range. Zinc supplementation may be recommended only in the patients with proven zinc deficiency, but for all chronic renal failure patients it is questionable
Diuretics
Diuretici su lijekovi koji smanjuju volumen ekstracelularne tekuÄine poveÄavanjem izluÄivanja soli i vode putem bubrega. Mogu se podijeliti prema kemijskoj strukturi, mehanizmu i mjestu djelovanja: diuretici Henleove petlje (furosemid, bumetanid, torasemid, etakrinska kiselina), tijazidi i tijazidima sliÄni spojevi (hidroklorotijazid, klortalidon, metolazon, indapamid), diuretici koji Å”tede kalij (amilorid, triamteren), antagonisti aldosteronskih receptora (spironolakton, eplerenon), inhibitori karboanhidraze (acetazolamid), osmotski diuretici (manitol) i antagonisti vazopresina (tolvaptan, liksivaptan, konivaptan). Indikacije za primjenu diuretika su Å”iroke: stanja praÄena retencijom tekuÄine (zatajivanje srca, ciroza jetre, nefrotski sindrom), hiperkalemija, arterijska hipertenzija, nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus, hiperkalciurija, hiperaldosteronizam. U lijeÄenju arterijske hipertenzije jedni su od osnovnih lijekova, i to primijenjeni kao monoterapija ili u kombinaciji s drugim antihipertenzivima. U zatajivanju srca primjenjuju se u svih bolesnika s kliniÄkim znakovima ili simptomima pluÄne ili sistemske venske kongestije.Diuretics are drugs that decrease the volume of the extracellular fluid by increasing renal salt and water excretion. They can be divided into several groups regarding their chemical structure, operating mechanism and site of action: loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torasemide, ethacrynic acid), thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, chlortalidone, metolazone, indapamide), potassium- sparing diuretics (amiloride, triamterene), aldosterone receptor blockers (spironolactone, eplerenone), carboanhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), osmotic diuretics (mannitol), and vasopressin antagonists (tolvaptan, lixivaptan, conivaptan). Indications for diuretics administration are very broad: fluid retention (heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome), hyperkalaemia, arterial hypertension, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, hypercalciuria, hyperaldosteronism. In the treatment of arterial hypertension diuretics represent one of the essential drugs either as monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensives. In patients with heart failure they are given to all patients with clinical signs or symptoms of pulmonary or systemic venous congestion
Nitrates Today
Organski nitrati, poput nitroglicerina, izosorbid dinitrata i izosorbid mononitrata, u medicinskoj su uporabi veÄ viÅ”e od 150 godina. UobiÄajeno se rabe u lijeÄenju kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Mehanizam djelovanja je u otpuÅ”tanju duÅ”ik (II) oksida u glatkim miÅ”iÄnim stanicama stijenke krvnih žila i endotelnim stanicama nakon bioaktivacije. U konaÄnici to rezultira relaksacijom glatkih miÅ”iÄnih stanica i drugim staniÄnim uÄincima. Osnovni Äimbenik koji ograniÄava primjenu ove skupine lijekova je razvoj tolerancije. Osiguravanje razdoblja bez nitrata (niske koncentracije) najjednostavniji je i najprihvatljiviji naÄin spreÄavanja tolerancije. KarakteristiÄne nuspojave nitrata jesu glavobolja, arterijska hipotenzija i sinkopa. ZakljuÄno, organski su nitrati i dalje skupina vrlo uÄinkovitih protuishemijskih lijekova koji se rabe u lijeÄenju bolesnika sa stabilnom anginom pektoris i akutnim koronarnim sindromom (nestabilnom anginom i akutnim infarktom miokarda).Organic nitrates, such as nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate have been in medical use for more than 150 years. They are commonly used in therapy of cardiovascular diseases. Their mechanism of action lies in releasing nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells when bioactivated. This results finally in smooth muscle cell relaxation and other cellular effects. A major factor limiting the efficacy of these drugs is in the development of tolerance. Provision of a nitrate-free interval has taken on increasing significance as a strategy to avoid tolerance. Some typical side-effects of nitrates are headache, arterial hypotension and syncope. In conclusion, organic nitrates still represent a group of very effective anti-ischemic drugs used for the treatment of patients with stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction)
KliniÄka slika zatajivanja srca
Zatajivanje srca je sindrom karakteriziran simptomima i znacima poremeÄene srÄane funkcije te moguÄim povoljnim odgovorom na odgovarajuÄu terapiju. Može ga uzrokovati svaka bolest koja izaziva strukturnu, mehaniÄku ili elektriÄnu abnormalnost srca. Äest je razlog hospitalizacije, posebno u osoba starije životne dobi, a remeti kvalitetu života, izaziva invalidnost i visoku smrtnost. KliniÄkim pregledom bolesnika potrebno je otkriti simptome i znakove koji mogu biti manje ili viÅ”e specifiÄni, ali i utvrditi uzrok zatajivanja srca, postojanje prateÄih bolesti i stanja te precipitirajuÄih Äimbenika. Ovakav sveobuhvatan (holistiÄki) pristup važan je za postavljanje brze dijagnoze, izbor optimalnog lijeÄenja i dobru prognostiÄku procjenu. UnatoÄ suvremenom trendu umanjivanja važnosti anamneze i fizikalnog pregleda u korist velikoga broja objektivnih pretraga kojima se mogu dokazati abnormalnosti strukture i funkcije srca, kliniÄka slika ostaje temelj racionalne dijagnostike i primjerene terapije u svakog bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca
Cardiorenal syndrome
Smanjena bubrežna funkcija Äesta je u bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca i obrnuto, bubrežni
bolesnici Äesto imaju popratnu bolest srca. To je dovelo do stvaranja koncepta kardiorenalnog
sindroma (KRS) kao patofizioloÅ”kog poremeÄaja u kojem akutna ili kroniÄna disfunkcija
jednog može dovesti do akutne ili kroniÄne disfunkcije drugog organa. Dijeli se na pet podtipova
ovisno o primarnoj disfunkciji organa i vremenskom nastanku. KRS u kojem su primarno zahvaÄeni
srce i bubrezi nazivamo primarnim, a ako je njihova disfunkcija posljedica sustavnog
zbivanja u organizmu, onda govorimo o sekundarnom KRS-u. Složeni patofizioloŔki mehanizmi
tek su djelomice poznati, a aktivacija renin-angiotenzin-aldosteronskog sustava, endotelna disfunkcija,
aktivacija simpatiÄkog živÄanog sustava i upala temeljne su znaÄajke razvoja ovog sindroma.
U ranoj dijagnostici KRS-a, osobito bubrežnog oÅ”teÄenja, danas se sve viÅ”e koriste novi
proteinski biomarkeri, Äije su vrijednosti poviÅ”ene veÄ kod blagog smanjenja bubrežne funkcije,
daleko prije nego Å”to doÄe do porasta serumskog kreatinina. S obzirom na to da su bolesnici
s KRS-om najÄeÅ”Äe iskljuÄivani iz velikih kliniÄkih studija, ne postoje smjernice za lijeÄenje
ovog sindroma, stoga se u svakodnevnoj praksi najÄeÅ”Äe služimo empirijskim lijeÄenjem, a
upravo zbog straha od pogorÅ”anja bubrežne funkcije ovi bolesnici Äesto ne dobivaju svu potrebnu
terapiju. Prevencija nastanka KRS-a vrlo je važna s obzirom na to da nastanak KRS-a
dovodi do nepotpuno reverzibilnih oÅ”teÄenja srca i bubrega, poveÄane stope hospitalizacija te
poveÄanog rizika od nastanka komplikacija, potreba za nadomjesnim lijeÄenjem bubrežne
funkcije i smrti. U ovom preglednom Älanku prikazali smo dosadaÅ”nje epidemioloÅ”ke i patofizioloÅ”ke
spoznaje o KRS-u, kao i preporuke za njegovo lijeÄenje i prevenciju.Renal dysfunction is often present in patients with heart failure, and vice versa,
patients with kidney disease have often concomitant heart dysfunction. This has led to the
concept of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) as a pathophysiological disorder in which dysfunction
of one organ induces dysfunction in the other. It is subdivided into five subtypes depending
on the primacy of organ dysfunction and the time-frame of the syndrome. CRSs in
which heart and kidney are primary involved are named primary, and CRS in which systemic
conditions lead to simultaneous injury of heart and kidney are named secondary CRS. Involved
complex pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood. Renin-angiotensinaldosteron
system activation, endothelial dysfunction, sympathetic system activation and
inflammation are the fundamental principles in the development of this syndrome. In the
early diagnosis of renal dysfunction in CRS, new protein biomarkers are used, whose values
have increased already at a mild renal impairment, far before an increase of serum creatinine.
Since patients with CRS are often excluded from large clinical trials, we do not have
guidelines for the treatment of this syndrome. In every-day practice we usually employ empirical
treatment. Based on the concern of worsening kidney function, patients with CRS often
do not receive appropriate medication. Prevention of CRS is of enormous importance
because this syndrome is not completely reversible and are associated with higher hospitalization
rate, complicated procedures, need for renal replacement therapy, and death. Current
epidemiological and pathophysiological knowledge about CRS, as well as recommendations
for its treatment and prevention are reviewed
Diuretics
Diuretici su lijekovi koji smanjuju volumen ekstracelularne tekuÄine poveÄavanjem izluÄivanja soli i vode putem bubrega. Mogu se podijeliti prema kemijskoj strukturi, mehanizmu i mjestu djelovanja: diuretici Henleove petlje (furosemid, bumetanid, torasemid, etakrinska kiselina), tijazidi i tijazidima sliÄni spojevi (hidroklorotijazid, klortalidon, metolazon, indapamid), diuretici koji Å”tede kalij (amilorid, triamteren), antagonisti aldosteronskih receptora (spironolakton, eplerenon), inhibitori karboanhidraze (acetazolamid), osmotski diuretici (manitol) i antagonisti vazopresina (tolvaptan, liksivaptan, konivaptan). Indikacije za primjenu diuretika su Å”iroke: stanja praÄena retencijom tekuÄine (zatajivanje srca, ciroza jetre, nefrotski sindrom), hiperkalemija, arterijska hipertenzija, nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus, hiperkalciurija, hiperaldosteronizam. U lijeÄenju arterijske hipertenzije jedni su od osnovnih lijekova, i to primijenjeni kao monoterapija ili u kombinaciji s drugim antihipertenzivima. U zatajivanju srca primjenjuju se u svih bolesnika s kliniÄkim znakovima ili simptomima pluÄne ili sistemske venske kongestije.Diuretics are drugs that decrease the volume of the extracellular fluid by increasing renal salt and water excretion. They can be divided into several groups regarding their chemical structure, operating mechanism and site of action: loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torasemide, ethacrynic acid), thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, chlortalidone, metolazone, indapamide), potassium- sparing diuretics (amiloride, triamterene), aldosterone receptor blockers (spironolactone, eplerenone), carboanhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), osmotic diuretics (mannitol), and vasopressin antagonists (tolvaptan, lixivaptan, conivaptan). Indications for diuretics administration are very broad: fluid retention (heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome), hyperkalaemia, arterial hypertension, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, hypercalciuria, hyperaldosteronism. In the treatment of arterial hypertension diuretics represent one of the essential drugs either as monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensives. In patients with heart failure they are given to all patients with clinical signs or symptoms of pulmonary or systemic venous congestion
Cardiorenal syndrome
Smanjena bubrežna funkcija Äesta je u bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca i obrnuto, bubrežni
bolesnici Äesto imaju popratnu bolest srca. To je dovelo do stvaranja koncepta kardiorenalnog
sindroma (KRS) kao patofizioloÅ”kog poremeÄaja u kojem akutna ili kroniÄna disfunkcija
jednog može dovesti do akutne ili kroniÄne disfunkcije drugog organa. Dijeli se na pet podtipova
ovisno o primarnoj disfunkciji organa i vremenskom nastanku. KRS u kojem su primarno zahvaÄeni
srce i bubrezi nazivamo primarnim, a ako je njihova disfunkcija posljedica sustavnog
zbivanja u organizmu, onda govorimo o sekundarnom KRS-u. Složeni patofizioloŔki mehanizmi
tek su djelomice poznati, a aktivacija renin-angiotenzin-aldosteronskog sustava, endotelna disfunkcija,
aktivacija simpatiÄkog živÄanog sustava i upala temeljne su znaÄajke razvoja ovog sindroma.
U ranoj dijagnostici KRS-a, osobito bubrežnog oÅ”teÄenja, danas se sve viÅ”e koriste novi
proteinski biomarkeri, Äije su vrijednosti poviÅ”ene veÄ kod blagog smanjenja bubrežne funkcije,
daleko prije nego Å”to doÄe do porasta serumskog kreatinina. S obzirom na to da su bolesnici
s KRS-om najÄeÅ”Äe iskljuÄivani iz velikih kliniÄkih studija, ne postoje smjernice za lijeÄenje
ovog sindroma, stoga se u svakodnevnoj praksi najÄeÅ”Äe služimo empirijskim lijeÄenjem, a
upravo zbog straha od pogorÅ”anja bubrežne funkcije ovi bolesnici Äesto ne dobivaju svu potrebnu
terapiju. Prevencija nastanka KRS-a vrlo je važna s obzirom na to da nastanak KRS-a
dovodi do nepotpuno reverzibilnih oÅ”teÄenja srca i bubrega, poveÄane stope hospitalizacija te
poveÄanog rizika od nastanka komplikacija, potreba za nadomjesnim lijeÄenjem bubrežne
funkcije i smrti. U ovom preglednom Älanku prikazali smo dosadaÅ”nje epidemioloÅ”ke i patofizioloÅ”ke
spoznaje o KRS-u, kao i preporuke za njegovo lijeÄenje i prevenciju.Renal dysfunction is often present in patients with heart failure, and vice versa,
patients with kidney disease have often concomitant heart dysfunction. This has led to the
concept of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) as a pathophysiological disorder in which dysfunction
of one organ induces dysfunction in the other. It is subdivided into five subtypes depending
on the primacy of organ dysfunction and the time-frame of the syndrome. CRSs in
which heart and kidney are primary involved are named primary, and CRS in which systemic
conditions lead to simultaneous injury of heart and kidney are named secondary CRS. Involved
complex pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood. Renin-angiotensinaldosteron
system activation, endothelial dysfunction, sympathetic system activation and
inflammation are the fundamental principles in the development of this syndrome. In the
early diagnosis of renal dysfunction in CRS, new protein biomarkers are used, whose values
have increased already at a mild renal impairment, far before an increase of serum creatinine.
Since patients with CRS are often excluded from large clinical trials, we do not have
guidelines for the treatment of this syndrome. In every-day practice we usually employ empirical
treatment. Based on the concern of worsening kidney function, patients with CRS often
do not receive appropriate medication. Prevention of CRS is of enormous importance
because this syndrome is not completely reversible and are associated with higher hospitalization
rate, complicated procedures, need for renal replacement therapy, and death. Current
epidemiological and pathophysiological knowledge about CRS, as well as recommendations
for its treatment and prevention are reviewed
- ā¦